专项:Android 内存泄露实践分析
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定义
内存泄漏也称作“存储渗漏”,用动态存储分配函数动态开辟的空间,在使用完毕后未释放,结果导致一直占据该内存单元。直到程序结束。(其实说白了就是该内存空间使用完毕之后未回收)即所谓内存泄漏。
内存泄漏形象的比喻是“操作系统可提供给所有进程的存储空间正在被某个进程榨干”,最终结果是程序运行时间越长,占用存储空间越来越多,最终用尽全部存储空间,整个系统崩溃。所以“内存泄漏”是从操作系统的角度来看的。这里的存储空间并不是指物理内存,而是指虚拟内存大小,这个虚拟内存大小取决于磁盘交换区设定的大小。由程序申请的一块内存,如果没有任何一个指针指向它,那么这块内存就泄漏了。
——来自《百度百科》
影响
- 导致OOM
- 糟糕的用户体验
- 鸡肋的App存活率
成效
- 内存泄露是一个持续的过程,随着版本的迭代,效果越明显
- 由于某些原因无法改善的泄露(如框架限制),则尽量降低泄露的内存大小
- 内存泄露实施后的版本,一定要验证,不必马上推行到正式版,可作为beta版持续观察是否影响/引发其他功能/问题
内存泄露实施后,项目的收获:
- OOM减少30%以上
- 平均使用内存从80M稳定到40M左右
- 用户体验上升,流畅度提升
- 存活率上升,推送到达率提升
类型
- IO
- FileStream
- Cursor
- Bitmap
- Context
- 单例
- Callback
- Service
- BraodcastReceiver
- ContentObserver
- Handler
- Thread
技巧
- 慎用Context
- Context概念
- 四大组件Context和Application的context使用参见下表
- 善用Reference
- Java引用介绍
- Java四种引用由高到低依次为:强引用 > 软引用 > 弱引用 > 虚引用
- 表格说明
- 复用ConvertView
- 复用详解
- 对象释放
- 遵循谁创建谁释放的原则
- 示例:显示调用clear列表、对象赋空值
分析
原理
- Java内存分配机制
- Java垃圾回收机制
根本原因
- 关注堆内存
怎么解决
- 详见方案
实践分析
- 详见实践
方案
- StrictMode
- 使用方法:AppContext的
onCreate()
- 方法加上
StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(new StrictMode.ThreadPolicy
.Builder()
.detectAll()
.penaltyLog()
.build());
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(new StrictMode.VmPolicy
.Builder()
.detectAll()
.penaltyLog()
.build());
StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(new StrictMode.ThreadPolicy
.Builder()
.detectAll()
.penaltyLog()
.build());
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(new StrictMode.VmPolicy
.Builder()
.detectAll()
.penaltyLog()
.build());
- 主要检查项:内存泄露、耗时操作等
- Leakcanary
- Leakcanary + StrictMode + monkey (推荐)
- 使用阶段:功能测试完成后,稳定性测试开始时
- 使用方法:安装集成了Leakcanary的包,跑monkey
- 收获阶段:一段时间后,会发现出现N个泄露
- 实战分析:逐条分析每个泄露并改善/修复
- StrictMode:查看日志搜索StrictMode关键字
- Adb命令
- 手动触发GC
- 通过adb shell dumpsys meminfo packagename -d查看
- 查看Activity以及View的数量
- 越接近0越好
- 对比进入Activity以及View前的数量和退出Activity以及View后的数量判断
- Android Monitor
- MAT
- 使用介绍
实践(示例)
Bitmap泄露
Bitmap泄露一般会泄露较多内存,视图片大小、位图而定
- 经典场景:App启动图
- 解决内存泄露前后内存相差10M+,可谓惊人
- 解决方案:
App启动图Activity的onDestroy()
中及时回收内存
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
super.onDestroy();
recycleImageView(imgv_load_ad);
}
public static void recycleImageView(View view){
if(view==null) return;
if(view instanceof ImageView){
Drawable drawable=((ImageView) view).getDrawable();
if(drawable instanceof BitmapDrawable){
Bitmap bmp = ((BitmapDrawable)drawable).getBitmap();
if (bmp != null && !bmp.isRecycled()){
((ImageView) view).setImageBitmap(null);
bmp.recycle();
bmp=null;
}
}
}
}
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
super.onDestroy();
recycleImageView(imgv_load_ad);
}
public static void recycleImageView(View view){
if(view==null) return;
if(view instanceof ImageView){
Drawable drawable=((ImageView) view).getDrawable();
if(drawable instanceof BitmapDrawable){
Bitmap bmp = ((BitmapDrawable)drawable).getBitmap();
if (bmp != null && !bmp.isRecycled()){
((ImageView) view).setImageBitmap(null);
bmp.recycle();
bmp=null;
}
}
}
}
IO流未关闭
- 分析:通过日志可知
FileOutputStream()
- 未关闭
- 问题代码:
public static void copyFile(File source, File dest) {
FileChannel inChannel = null;
FileChannel outChannel = null;
Log.i(TAG, "source path: " + source.getAbsolutePath());
Log.i(TAG, "dest path: " + dest.getAbsolutePath());
try {
inChannel = new FileInputStream(source).getChannel();
outChannel = new FileOutputStream(dest).getChannel();
inChannel.transferTo(0, inChannel.size(), outChannel);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void copyFile(File source, File dest) {
FileChannel inChannel = null;
FileChannel outChannel = null;
Log.i(TAG, "source path: " + source.getAbsolutePath());
Log.i(TAG, "dest path: " + dest.getAbsolutePath());
try {
inChannel = new FileInputStream(source).getChannel();
outChannel = new FileOutputStream(dest).getChannel();
inChannel.transferTo(0, inChannel.size(), outChannel);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
- 解决方案:
- 及时关闭IO流,避免泄露
public static void copyFile(File source, File dest) {
FileChannel inChannel = null;
FileChannel outChannel = null;
Log.i(TAG, "source path: " + source.getAbsolutePath());
Log.i(TAG, "dest path: " + dest.getAbsolutePath());
try {
inChannel = new FileInputStream(source).getChannel();
outChannel = new FileOutputStream(dest).getChannel();
inChannel.transferTo(0, inChannel.size(), outChannel);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (inChannel != null) {
try {
inChannel.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (outChannel != null) {
try {
outChannel.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
public static void copyFile(File source, File dest) {
FileChannel inChannel = null;
FileChannel outChannel = null;
Log.i(TAG, "source path: " + source.getAbsolutePath());
Log.i(TAG, "dest path: " + dest.getAbsolutePath());
try {
inChannel = new FileInputStream(source).getChannel();
outChannel = new FileOutputStream(dest).getChannel();
inChannel.transferTo(0, inChannel.size(), outChannel);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (inChannel != null) {
try {
inChannel.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (outChannel != null) {
try {
outChannel.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
E/StrictMode: A resource was acquired at attached stack trace but never released.
See java.io.Closeable for information on avoiding resource leaks.
java.lang.Throwable: Explicit termination method 'close' not called
at dalvik.system.CloseGuard.open(CloseGuard.java:180)
at java.io.FileOutputStream.<init>(FileOutputStream.java:89)
at java.io.FileOutputStream.<init>(FileOutputStream.java:72)
at com.heyniu.lock.utils.FileUtil.copyFile(FileUtil.java:44)
at com.heyniu.lock.db.BackupData.backupData(BackupData.java:89)
at com.heyniu.lock.ui.HomeActivity$11.onClick(HomeActivity.java:675)
at android.support.v7.app.AlertController$ButtonHandler.handleMessage(AlertController.java:157)
at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)
at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:148)
at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5417)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:726)
at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:616)
E/StrictMode: A resource was acquired at attached stack trace but never released.
See java.io.Closeable for information on avoiding resource leaks.
java.lang.Throwable: Explicit termination method 'close' not called
at dalvik.system.CloseGuard.open(CloseGuard.java:180)
at java.io.FileOutputStream.<init>(FileOutputStream.java:89)
at java.io.FileOutputStream.<init>(FileOutputStream.java:72)
at com.heyniu.lock.utils.FileUtil.copyFile(FileUtil.java:44)
at com.heyniu.lock.db.BackupData.backupData(BackupData.java:89)
at com.heyniu.lock.ui.HomeActivity$11.onClick(HomeActivity.java:675)
at android.support.v7.app.AlertController$ButtonHandler.handleMessage(AlertController.java:157)
at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)
at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:148)
at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5417)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:726)
at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:616)
单例模式泄露
- 分析:通过截图我们发现SplashActivity被ActivityUtil的实例activityStack持有
- 引用代码:
ActivityUtil.getAppManager().add(this);
ActivityUtil.getAppManager().add(this);
- 持有代码:
public void add(Activity activity) {
if (activityStack == null) {
synchronized (ActivityUtil.class){
if (activityStack == null) {
activityStack = new Stack<>();
}
}
}
activityStack.add(activity);
}
public void add(Activity activity) {
if (activityStack == null) {
synchronized (ActivityUtil.class){
if (activityStack == null) {
activityStack = new Stack<>();
}
}
}
activityStack.add(activity);
}
- 解决方案:
- 在SplashActivity的
onDestroy()
- 生命周期移除引用
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
ActivityUtil.getAppManager().remove(this);
}
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
ActivityUtil.getAppManager().remove(this);
}
静态变量持有Context实例泄露
- 分析:长生命周期持有短什么周期引用导致泄露,详见上文四大组件Context和Application的context使用
- 示例引用代码:
private static HttpRequest req;
public static void HttpUtilPost(Context context, int TaskId, String url, String requestBody,ArrayList<HttpHeader> Headers, RequestListener listener) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
req = new HttpRequest(context, url, TaskId, requestBody, Headers, listener);
req.post();
}
private static HttpRequest req;
public static void HttpUtilPost(Context context, int TaskId, String url, String requestBody,ArrayList<HttpHeader> Headers, RequestListener listener) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
req = new HttpRequest(context, url, TaskId, requestBody, Headers, listener);
req.post();
}
- 解决方案:
- 改为弱引用
- pass:弱引用随时可能为空,使用前先判空
- 示例代码:
public static void cancel(int TaskId) {
if(req != null && req.get() != null){
req.get().AsyncCancel(TaskId);
}
}
public static void cancel(int TaskId) {
if(req != null && req.get() != null){
req.get().AsyncCancel(TaskId);
}
}
private static WeakReference<HttpRequest> req;
public static void HttpUtilPost(Context context, int TaskId, String url, String requestBody,ArrayList<HttpHeader> Headers, RequestListener listener) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
req = new WeakReference<HttpRequest>(new HttpRequest(context, url, TaskId, requestBody, Headers, listener));
req.get().post();
}
private static WeakReference<HttpRequest> req;
public static void HttpUtilPost(Context context, int TaskId, String url, String requestBody,ArrayList<HttpHeader> Headers, RequestListener listener) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
req = new WeakReference<HttpRequest>(new HttpRequest(context, url, TaskId, requestBody, Headers, listener));
req.get().post();
}
- 改为长生命周期
private static HttpRequest req;
public static void HttpUtilPost(Context context, int TaskId, String url, String requestBody,ArrayList<HttpHeader> Headers, RequestListener listener) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
req = new HttpRequest(context.getApplicationContext(), url, TaskId, requestBody, Headers, listener);
req.post();
}
private static HttpRequest req;
public static void HttpUtilPost(Context context, int TaskId, String url, String requestBody,ArrayList<HttpHeader> Headers, RequestListener listener) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
req = new HttpRequest(context.getApplicationContext(), url, TaskId, requestBody, Headers, listener);
req.post();
}
Context泄露
Callback泄露
服务未解绑注册泄露
- 分析:一般发生在注册了某服务,不用时未解绑服务导致泄露
- 引用代码:
private void initSensor() {
// 获取传感器管理器
sm = (SensorManager) container.activity.getSystemService(Context.SENSOR_SERVICE);
// 获取距离传感器
acceleromererSensor = sm.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_PROXIMITY);
// 设置传感器监听器
acceleromererListener = new SensorEventListener() {
......
};
sm.registerListener(acceleromererListener, acceleromererSensor, SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL);
}
private void initSensor() {
// 获取传感器管理器
sm = (SensorManager) container.activity.getSystemService(Context.SENSOR_SERVICE);
// 获取距离传感器
acceleromererSensor = sm.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_PROXIMITY);
// 设置传感器监听器
acceleromererListener = new SensorEventListener() {
......
};
sm.registerListener(acceleromererListener, acceleromererSensor, SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL);
}
- 解决方案:
- 在Activity的
onDestroy()
- 方法解绑服务
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
sm.unregisterListener(acceleromererListener,acceleromererSensor);
}
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
sm.unregisterListener(acceleromererListener,acceleromererSensor);
}
Handler泄露
- 分析:由于Activity已经关闭,Handler任务还未执行完成,其引用了Activity的实例导致内存泄露
- 引用代码:
handler.sendEmptyMessage(0);
handler.sendEmptyMessage(0);
- 解决方案:
- 在Activity的
onDestroy()
- 方法回收Handler
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
handler.removeCallbacksAndMessages(null);
}
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
handler.removeCallbacksAndMessages(null);
}
- 图片后续遇到再补上
异步线程泄露
- 分析:一般发生在线程执行耗时操作时,如下载,此时Activity关闭后,由于其被异步线程引用,导致无法被正常回收,从而内存泄露
- 引用代码:
new Thread() {
public void run() {
imageArray = loadImageFromUrl(imageUrl);
}.start();
new Thread() {
public void run() {
imageArray = loadImageFromUrl(imageUrl);
}.start();
- 解决方案:
- 把线程作为对象提取出来
- 在Activity的
onDestroy()
- 方法阻塞线程
thread = new Thread() {
public void run() {
imageArray = loadImageFromUrl(imageUrl);
};
thread.start();
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
if(thread != null){
thread.interrupt();
thread = null;
}
}
thread = new Thread() {
public void run() {
imageArray = loadImageFromUrl(imageUrl);
};
thread.start();
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
if(thread != null){
thread.interrupt();
thread = null;
}
}
后面
- 欢迎补充实际中遇到的泄露类型
- 文章如有错误,欢迎指正
- 如有更好的内存泄露分享方法,欢迎一起讨论