Python 和 C 的混合编程工具有很多,这里介绍 Python 标准库自带的 ctypes 模块的使用方法。



在python中某些时候需要C做效率上的补充,在实际应用中,需要做部分数据的交互。使用python中的ctypes模块可以很方便的调用windows的dll(也包括linux下的so等文件),下面将详细的讲解这个模块(以windows平台为例子),当然我假设你们已经对windows下怎么写一个DLL是没有问题的。


1. 引入ctypes库 

import ctypes
#from ctypes import *

2. 加载DLL动态库


加载的时候要根据你将要调用的函数是符合什么调用约定的。
stdcall调用约定:两种加载方式 


#method 1 - usually
Objdll = ctypes.windll.LoadLibrary("dllpath")
#method 2
Objdll = ctypes.WinDLL("dllpath")


cdec l调用约定:两种加载方式 


#method 1

Objdll = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary("dllpath")#method 2Objdll = ctypes.CDLL("dllpath")

3. 调用dll中的方法 


在 2 中加载dll的时候会返回一个DLL对象(假设名字叫Objdll),利用该对象就可以调用dll中的方法。


eg.如果dll中有个方法名字叫Add(注意如果经过stdcall声明的方法,如果不是用def文件声明的导出函数或者extern “C” 声明的话,编译器会对函数名进行修改,这个要注意,你们懂的。) 


nRet = Objdll.Add(12, 15) 
#即完成一次调用。

看起来调用似乎很简单,不要只看表象,呵呵,这是因为Add这个函数太简单了,现在假设函数需要你传入一个int类型的指针(int*),可以通过库中的byref关键字来实现,假设现在调用的函数的第三个参数是个int类型的指针。





intPara = c_int(9)  
dll.sub(23, 102, byref(intPara))  
print intPara.value



如果是要传入一个char缓冲区指针,和缓冲区长度,方法至少有四种: 



# 方法1  
szPara = create_string_buffer('/0'*100)  
dll.PrintInfo(byref(szPara), 100);  
print szPara.value  
  
# 方法2  
sBuf = 'aaaaaaaaaabbbbbbbbbbbbbb'  
pStr = c_char_p( )  
pStr.value = sBuf  
#pVoid = ctypes.cast( pStr, ctypes.c_void_p ).value  
dll.PrintInfo(pStr, len(pStr.value))  
print pStr.value  
  
# 方法3  
strMa = "/0"*20  
FunPrint  = dll.PrintInfo  
FunPrint.argtypes = [c_char_p, c_int]  
#FunPrint.restypes = c_void_p  
nRst = FunPrint(strMa, len(strMa))  
print strMa,len(strMa)  
  
# 方法4  
pStr2 = c_char_p("/0")  
print pStr2.value  
#pVoid = ctypes.cast( pStr, ctypes.c_void_p ).value  
dll.PrintInfo(pStr2, len(pStr.value))  
print pStr2.value

4. C基本类型和ctypes中实现的类型映射表 



 

 

 

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ctypes type

C type

Python type

c_char

char

1-characterstring

c_wchar

wchar_t

1-characterunicode string

c_byte

char

int/long

c_ubyte

unsigned char

int/long

c_short

short

int/long

c_ushort

unsigned short

int/long

c_int

int

int/long

c_uint

unsigned int

int/long

c_long

long

int/long

c_ulong

unsigned long

int/long

c_longlong

__int64 orlong long

int/long

c_ulonglong

unsigned __int64 orunsigned long long

int/long

c_float

float

float

c_double

double

float

c_char_p

char *(NUL terminated)

string orNone

c_wchar_p

wchar_t *(NUL terminated)

unicode orNone

c_void_p

void *

int/longor None

ctypes type

C type

Python type

c_char

char

1-characterstring

c_wchar

wchar_t

1-characterunicode string

c_byte

char

int/long

c_ubyte

unsigned char

int/long

c_short

short

int/long

c_ushort

unsigned short

int/long

c_int

int

int/long

c_uint

unsigned int

int/long

c_long

long

int/long

c_ulong

unsigned long

int/long

c_longlong

__int64 orlong long

int/long

c_ulonglong

unsigned __int64 orunsigned long long

int/long

c_float

float

float

c_double

double

float

c_char_p

char *(NUL terminated)

string orNone

c_wchar_p

wchar_t *(NUL terminated)

unicode orNone

c_void_p

void *

int/longor None

5. DLL中的函数返回一个指针

虽然这不是个好的编程方法,不过这种情况的处理方法也很简单,其实返回的都是地址,把他们转换相应的python类型,再通过value属性访问。

pchar = dll.getbuffer()  
szbuffer = c_char_p(pchar)  
print szbuffer.value

6. 处理C中的结构体类型 
为什么把这个单独提出来说呢,因为这个是最麻烦也是最复杂的,在python里面申明一个类似c的结构体,要用到类,并且这个类必须继承自Structure。 
先看一个简单的例子: 
C里面dll的定义如下:



typedef struct _SimpleStruct  
{  
    int    nNo;  
    float  fVirus;  
    char   szBuffer[512];  
} SimpleStruct, *PSimpleStruct;  
typedef const SimpleStruct*  PCSimpleStruct;  
  
extern "C"int  __declspec(dllexport) PrintStruct(PSimpleStruct simp);  
int PrintStruct(PSimpleStruct simp)  
{  
    printf ("nMaxNum=%f, szContent=%s", simp->fVirus, simp->szBuffer);  
return simp->nNo;  
}


Python的定义:


from ctypes import *  
class SimpStruct(Structure):  
    _fields_ = [ ("nNo", c_int),  
              ("fVirus", c_float),  
              ("szBuffer", c_char * 512)]  
  
dll = CDLL("AddDll.dll")  
simple = SimpStruct();  
simple.nNo = 16  
simple.fVirus = 3.1415926  
simple.szBuffer = "magicTong/0"  
print dll.PrintStruct(byref(simple))


上面例子结构体很简单,但是如果结构体里面有指针,甚至是指向结构体的指针,处理起来会复杂很多,不过Python里面也有相应的处理方法,下面这个例子来自网上,本来想自己写个,懒得写了,能说明问题就行:
C代码如下:



typedef struct   
{  
    char words[10];  
}keywords;  

typedef struct   
{  
    keywords *kws;  
    unsigned int len;  
}outStruct;  

extern "C"int __declspec(dllexport) test(outStruct *o);  

int test(outStruct *o)  
{  
    unsigned int i = 4;  
    o->kws = (keywords *)malloc(sizeof(unsigned char) * 10 * i);  
    strcpy(o->kws[0].words, "The First Data");  
    strcpy(o->kws[1].words, "The Second Data");  
    o->len = i;  
    return 1;  
}


Python代码如下: 


class keywords(Structure):  
    _fields_ = [('words', c_char *10),]  
  
class outStruct(Structure):  
    _fields_ = [('kws', POINTER(keywords)),  
                    ('len', c_int),]   
o = outStruct()   
dll.test(byref(o))   
print o.kws[0].words;   
print o.kws[1].words;   
print o.len

7.例子


说的天花乱坠,还是举个例子说明吧:


例子1:  
这是一个GUID生成器,其实很多第三方的python库已经有封装好的库可以调用,不过这得装了那个库才行,如果想直接调用一些API,对于python来说,也要借助一个第三方库才行,这个例子比较简单,就是用C++调用win32 API来产生GUID,然后python通过调用C++写的dll来获得这个GUID。
C++代码如下:




extern "C"__declspec(dllexport) char* newGUID();   
  
char* newGUID()     
{   
     static char buf[64] = {0};    
     statc GUID guid;    
     if (S_OK == ::CoCreateGuid(&guid))     
     {    
       _snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),  
  
"%08X-%04X-%04X-%02X%02X-%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X",   
guid.Data1,  
guid.Data2,  
guid.Data3,  
guid.Data4[0], guid.Data4[1],  
guid.Data4[2], guid.Data4[3],  
guid.Data4[4], guid.Data4[5],  
guid.Data4[6], guid.Data4[7]  
);   
       ::MessageBox(NULL, buf, "GUID", MB_OK);   
      }  
     return (char*)buf;  
  
}


Python代码如下: 




def CreateGUID():    
    """  
    创建一个全局唯一标识符  
    类似:E06093E2-699A-4BF2-A325-4F1EADB50E18  
    NewVersion  
    """    
    try:    
        # dll path    
        strDllPath = sys.path[0] + str(os.sep) + "createguid.dll"    
        dll = CDLL(strDllPath)    
        b = dll.newGUID()    
        a = c_char_p(b)   
    except Exception, error:    
        print error    
        return ""   
    return a.value

例子2: 
这个例子是调用kernel32.dll中的createprocessA函数来启动一个记事本进程 

#  -*- coding:utf-8 -*-   
  
from ctypes import *        
# 定义_PROCESS_INFORMATION结构体  
  
class _PROCESS_INFORMATION(Structure):    
    _fields_ = [('hProcess', c_void_p),    
                ('hThread', c_void_p),    
                ('dwProcessId', c_ulong),    
                ('dwThreadId', c_ulong)]  
   
# 定义_STARTUPINFO结构体  
  
class _STARTUPINFO(Structure):    
    _fields_ = [('cb',c_ulong),    
                ('lpReserved', c_char_p),   
                ('lpDesktop', c_char_p),    
                ('lpTitle', c_char_p),    
                ('dwX', c_ulong),    
                ('dwY', c_ulong),    
                ('dwXSize', c_ulong),   
                ('dwYSize', c_ulong),  
                ('dwXCountChars', c_ulong),    
                ('dwYCountChars', c_ulong),   
                ('dwFillAttribute', c_ulong),  
                ('dwFlags', c_ulong),  
                ('wShowWindow', c_ushort),  
                ('cbReserved2', c_ushort),  
                ('lpReserved2', c_char_p),  
                ('hStdInput', c_ulong),  
                ('hStdOutput', c_ulong),  
                ('hStdError', c_ulong)]  
  
NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS = 0x00000020 #定义NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS  
kernel32 = windll.LoadLibrary("kernel32.dll")  #加载kernel32.dll  
CreateProcess = kernel32.CreateProcessA   #获得CreateProcess函数地址  
ReadProcessMemory = kernel32.ReadProcessMemory #获得ReadProcessMemory函数地址  
WriteProcessMemory = kernel32.WriteProcessMemory #获得WriteProcessMemory函数地址  
TerminateProcess = kernel32.TerminateProcess  
  
# 声明结构体  
  
ProcessInfo = _PROCESS_INFORMATION()  
StartupInfo = _STARTUPINFO()  
fileName = 'c:/windows/notepad.exe'       # 要进行修改的文件  
address = 0x0040103c        # 要修改的内存地址  
strbuf = c_char_p("_")        # 缓冲区地址  
bytesRead = c_ulong(0)       # 读入的字节数  
bufferSize =  len(strbuf.value)     # 缓冲区大小  
  
# 创建进程   
  
CreateProcess(fileName, 0, 0, 0, 0, NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS,0, 0, byref(StartupInfo), byref(ProcessInfo))