一、RPC与IPC关系

    Binder机制对于Android系统学习就犹如根文件系统挂载部分对于Linux内核学习;是一座不得不翻越的大山(指其复杂程度与重要性)。

1.RPC基本流程

    RPC在调用一个远程过程后,自己进入等待状态,传往远程过程的参数包括过程参数,返回参数包括执行结果;当收到包括执行结果的消息后,本地进程从消息中取得结果,调用进程重新开始执行。在服务器一方,有一个程序在等待调用,当有一个调用到达时,服务器进程取得进程参数,计算结果,然后返回结果。

    调用可以同步的也可以是异步的;服务器可以创建一个线程来接收用户请求,也可以自己来接收用户请求。

2.二者关系

相同点:二者都可以用于进程间;

不同点:RPC强调的是调用、即一个进程直接调用另外一个进程中的方法,而IPC仅仅完成进程间的互通信、没有函数调用功能。

总结:RPC其实就是添加了进程间函数调用功能的IPC。

二、Android系统RPC与Binder的关系

    Android系统中的Binder为IPC的一种实现方式,为Android系统RPC机制提供底层支持;其他常见的RPC还有COM组件、CORBA架构等。不同之处在于Android的RPC并不需要实现不同主机或不同操作系统间的远程调用,所以、它属于一个轻量级的RPC。

总结:Android系统的RPC = Binder进程间通信 + 在Binder基础上建立起来的进程间函数调用机制。

三、Android系统RPC实现

1.基本原理

a)服务端调用Binder驱动;并开启线程,反复调用Binder驱动的读接口、服务端继承Bnxxx进而继承BBinder的处理函数和Binder驱动的写接口,其中读接口会阻塞。

b)客户端通过Bpxxx继承Bpbinder调用Binder驱动;并开启线程,首先调用Binder驱动写接口、唤醒服务端,然后客户端调用Binder驱动读接口、并阻塞,服务器端处理完后调用写接口、唤醒阻塞中的客户端;如此,完成调用逻辑。

JAVA层AIDL——AIDL对Binder的使用进行了封装,可以让开发者方便的进行方法的远程调用。

2.具体实现

Binder负责IPC,主要就是Binder驱动;

RPC机制的的实现由如下组件完成:Client、Server、Service Manager。

下边着重分析上处组件。

3.Server服务组件

创建一个线程来接收、处理用户请求,发送执行结果:

sp<ProcessState> proc(ProcessState::self()); //打开Binder设备

ProcessState::self()->startThreadPool(); //开启监听线程

IPCThreadState::self()->joinThreadPool(); //将线程加入,loop等待客户端命令

talkWithDriver();  //接收/发送数据

executeCommand();  //指令处理

关键代码流程:

frameworks/native/libs/binder/IPCThreadState.cpp

void IPCThreadState::joinThreadPool(bool isMain){
  do {
    result = talkWithDriver();  //接收/发送数据
    result = executeCommand(cmd); //指令处理
  }while (result != -ECONNREFUSED && result != -EBADF);
}
//接收/发送数据
status_t IPCThreadState::talkWithDriver(bool doReceive){
  binder_write_read bwr;
  bwr.write_size = outAvail;
  bwr.write_buffer = (long unsigned int)mOut.data();
  if (doReceive && needRead) {
    bwr.read_size = mIn.dataCapacity();
    bwr.read_buffer = (long unsigned int)mIn.data();
  } else {
    bwr.read_size = 0;
    bwr.read_buffer = 0;
  }
  bwr.write_consumed = 0;
  bwr.read_consumed = 0;
  do {
    if (ioctl(mProcess->mDriverFD, BINDER_WRITE_READ, &bwr) >= 0) //重要;下边会分析
      err = NO_ERROR;
  }while (err == -EINTR);
}
//指令处理
status_t IPCThreadState::executeCommand(int32_t cmd){
  switch (cmd) {
    case BR_TRANSACTION:{
      sp<BBinder> b((BBinder*)tr.cookie);
      const status_t error = b->transact(tr.code, buffer, &reply, tr.flags);
      /*
      frameworks/native/libs/binder/Binder.cpp
      status_t BBinder::transact(
          uint32_t code, const Parcel& data, Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags){
        err = onTransact(code, data, reply, flags);
      }
      以下为Service继承Bnxxx进而继承BBinder实现的该接口,也就是实际调用的服务端的接口
      */
    }
  }
}

4.Client客户端组件


创建一个线程来发送请求,接收执行结果:

ProcessState::self()->getContextObject(NULL);//获得ServiceManager接口

GetService();  //获得代理接口Bpxxx

remote()->transact();  //发送请求并等待结果返回

这部分先不做讨论,后边《四》中将会看到Client/Server组件调用Service Manager的例子

5.主要使用地方就是服务创建部分:

SystemServer服务——frameworks/base/cmds/system_server/library/System_init.cpp

MediaService服务——frameworks/av/media/mediaserver/Main_mediaserver.cpp

供JAVA调用——frameworks/base/core/jni/android_util_Binder.cpp

供Native调用——frameworks/native/include/binder/BinderService.cpp

四、Binder远程同步调用的实现——ServiceManager

Binder驱动在读函数中:wait_event_interruptible(thread->wait, binder_has_thread_work(thread));阻塞睡眠。

Binder驱动在写函数中:wake_up_interruptible(target_wait);唤醒另外一个进程。

该过程是实现不同进程间同步调用的关键。

1.Client和Server组件调用ServiceManager的远程接口BpServiceManager

Server端:BpServiceManager::addService

Client端:BpServiceManager::getService

BpServiceManager::addService中如下:

frameworks/native/libs/binder/IServiceManager.cpp

class BpServiceManager : public BpInterface<IServiceManager>{
  virtual status_t addService(const String16& name, const sp<IBinder>& service,
            bool allowIsolated){
    status_t err = remote()->transact(ADD_SERVICE_TRANSACTION, data, &reply);
    /*
    模板类
    frameworks/native/include/binder/IInterface.h
    template<typename INTERFACE>
    class BpInterface : public INTERFACE, public BpRefBase{
      public:
      BpInterface(const sp<IBinder>& remote);
    }
    
    */
  }
}

实际调用如下:

frameworks/native/libs/binder/Binder.cpp

status_t BpBinder::transact(
    uint32_t code, const Parcel& data, Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags){
  // Once a binder has died, it will never come back to life.
  if (mAlive) {
    status_t status = IPCThreadState::self()->transact(
    mHandle, code, data, reply, flags);  //mHandle就是目标,这里是0
    if (status == DEAD_OBJECT) mAlive = 0;
      return status;
  }
  return DEAD_OBJECT;
}

frameworks/native/libs/binder/IPCThreadState.cpp

status_t IPCThreadState::transact(int32_t handle,
                                  uint32_t code, const Parcel& data,
                                  Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags){
  err = writeTransactionData(BC_TRANSACTION, flags, handle, code, data, NULL);
  /*
  binder_transaction_data tr;
  tr.target.handle = handle;
  tr.code = code;
  tr.flags = binderFlags;
  tr.cookie = 0;
  tr.sender_pid = 0;
  tr.sender_euid = 0;
  */
  err = waitForResponse(reply);
}
status_t IPCThreadState::waitForResponse(Parcel *reply, status_t *acquireResult){
  if ((err=talkWithDriver()) < NO_ERROR) break;  //阻塞
}
status_t IPCThreadState::talkWithDriver(bool doReceive){
  bwr.write_consumed = 0;
  if (ioctl(mProcess->mDriverFD, BINDER_WRITE_READ, &bwr) >= 0)
}

drivers/staging/android/binder.c

static long binder_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg){
  switch (cmd) {
    case BINDER_WRITE_READ: {
      ret = binder_thread_write(proc, thread, (void __user *)bwr.write_buffer, bwr.write_size, &bwr.write_consumed);
      ret = binder_thread_read(proc, thread, (void __user *)bwr.read_buffer, bwr.read_size, &bwr.read_consumed, filp->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK); //阻塞
    }
  }
}
int binder_thread_write(struct binder_proc *proc, struct binder_thread *thread,
		    void __user *buffer, int size, signed long *consumed){
  switch (cmd) {
    case BC_TRANSACTION: //一般都是这个
    case BC_REPLY: {
      struct binder_transaction_data tr;
      if (copy_from_user(&tr, ptr, sizeof(tr))) return -EFAULT;
      ptr += sizeof(tr);
      binder_transaction(proc, thread, &tr, cmd == BC_REPLY);
      break;
    }
  }
}
static void binder_transaction(struct binder_proc *proc, struct binder_thread *thread,
	struct binder_transaction_data *tr, int reply){
  struct binder_proc *target_proc;
  struct binder_thread *target_thread = NULL;
  struct binder_node *target_node = NULL;
  struct list_head *target_list;
  wait_queue_head_t *target_wait;
  if (tr->target.handle) {
  }esle{
    target_node = binder_context_mgr_node; //重要
  }
  target_proc = target_node->proc; //重要
  if (target_thread) {
  } else {
     target_list = &target_proc->todo;  //重要
     target_wait = &target_proc->wait;  //重要
  }
  //唤醒ServiceManager线程
  list_add_tail(&t->work.entry, target_list);
  list_add_tail(&tcomplete->entry, &thread->todo);
  if (target_wait)
    wake_up_interruptible(target_wait);  //唤醒ServiceManager
}

唤醒ServiceManager并将说明需要调用的接口以及入参。

2.ServiceManager组件如何响应Client和Server组件调用过程

先补充下Service Manager进程启动过程:

frameworks/base/cmds/servicemanager/service_manager.c

int main(int argc, char **argv){
  binder_loop(bs, svcmgr_handler);
}

frameworks/base/cmds/servicemanager/binder.c

void binder_loop(struct binder_state *bs, binder_handler func){
  for(;;){
    res = ioctl(bs->fd, BINDER_WRITE_READ, &bwr);
    res = binder_parse(bs, 0, readbuf, bwr.read_consumed, func);
  }
}

drivers/staging/android/binder.c

static long binder_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg){
  if (bwr.read_size > 0) {
    ret = binder_thread_write(proc, thread, (void __user *)bwr.write_buffer, bwr.write_size, &bwr.write_consumed);
    ret = binder_thread_read(proc, thread, (void __user *)bwr.read_buffer, bwr.read_size, &bwr.read_consumed, filp->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK);
  }
}
static int binder_thread_read(struct binder_proc *proc, struct binder_thread *thread,
	void  __user *buffer, int size, signed long *consumed, int non_block){
  ret = wait_event_interruptible(thread->wait, binder_has_thread_work(thread)); //等待被唤醒
}

=========================================


//被唤醒后

frameworks/base/cmds/servicemanager/service_manager.c

int binder_parse(struct binder_state *bs, struct binder_io *bio,
                 uint32_t *ptr, uint32_t size, binder_handler func){
  switch(cmd) {
    case BR_TRANSACTION: {
      binder_send_reply(bs, &reply, txn->data, res);
    }
  }
}
void binder_send_reply(struct binder_state *bs,
                       struct binder_io *reply,
                       void *buffer_to_free,
                       int status){
  binder_write(bs, &data, sizeof(data));
}
int binder_write(struct binder_state *bs, void *data, unsigned len){
  struct binder_write_read bwr;
  int res;
  bwr.write_size = len;
  bwr.write_consumed = 0;
  bwr.write_buffer = (unsigned) data;
  bwr.read_size = 0;
  bwr.read_consumed = 0;
  bwr.read_buffer = 0;
  res = ioctl(bs->fd, BINDER_WRITE_READ, &bwr);
}

唤醒Client或Server组件并将执行结果返回。

六、Binder驱动部分

drivers/staging/android/binder.c

static struct file_operations binder_fops = {
  .owner = THIS_MODULE,
  .poll = binder_poll,
  .unlocked_ioctl = binder_ioctl,  //控制操作接口
  .mmap = binder_mmap, //mmap系统调用
  .open = binder_open,  //打开接口
  .flush = binder_flush,
  .release = binder_release,  //关闭接口
};

static struct miscdevice binder_miscdev = {
  .minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR,
  .name = "binder",
  .fops = &binder_fops
};

static int __init binder_init(void){
  int ret;
  binder_proc_dir_entry_root = proc_mkdir("binder", NULL);
  if (binder_proc_dir_entry_root)
    binder_proc_dir_entry_proc = proc_mkdir("proc", binder_proc_dir_entry_root);
  ret = misc_register(&binder_miscdev);  //注册设备并创建设备节点
  if (binder_proc_dir_entry_root) {
    create_proc_read_entry("state", S_IRUGO, binder_proc_dir_entry_root, binder_read_proc_state, NULL);
    create_proc_read_entry("stats", S_IRUGO, binder_proc_dir_entry_root, binder_read_proc_stats, NULL);
    create_proc_read_entry("transactions", S_IRUGO, binder_proc_dir_entry_root, binder_read_proc_transactions, NULL);
    create_proc_read_entry("transaction_log", S_IRUGO, binder_proc_dir_entry_root, binder_read_proc_transaction_log, &binder_transaction_log);
    create_proc_read_entry("failed_transaction_log", S_IRUGO, binder_proc_dir_entry_root, binder_read_proc_transaction_log, &binder_transaction_log_failed);
  }
  return ret;
}

device_initcall(binder_init);

七、一些dome

1.Native层的binder应用:Android Binder机制的Native应用

2.Native层的binder双向调用:Android Binder机制的Native应用—双向通信

3.JAVA层的binder实例:Android Service学习之AIDL, Parcelable和远程服务