我在使用python发送post请求到flask时发现一个以为很奇怪的问题,记录下来方便回顾吧


flask无法获取post过来的json数据,开始以为post请求写的有问题,或者flask解析有问题,


因为用同样的post代码,可以给其他服务发送post数据




反复测试后发现是因为没有设置headers, 如果不设置发送数据类型,会被识别位text类型...


headers = { 'content-type' : 'application/json' }



原文地址:http://www.letiantian.me/2014-06-24-flask-process-post-data/


作为一种HTTP请求方法,POST用于向指定的资源提交要被处理的数据。我们在某网站注册用户、写文章等时候,需要将数据保存在服务器中,这是一般使用POST方法。

本文使用python的requests库模拟客户端。



建立Flask项目


按照以下命令建立Flask项目HelloWorld:

mkdir HelloWorld
mkdir HelloWorld/static
mkdir HelloWorld/templates
touch HelloWorld/index.py



简单的POST


/register传送用户名name和密码password。如下编写HelloWorld/index.py

from flask import Flask, request

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
    return 'hello world'

@app.route('/register', methods=['POST'])
def register():
    print request.headers
    print request.form
    print request.form['name']
    print request.form.get('name')
    print request.form.getlist('name')
    print request.form.get('nickname', default='little apple')
    return 'welcome'

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

@app.route('/register', methods=['POST'])是指url/register只接受POST方法。也可以根据需要修改methods参数,例如

@app.route('/register', methods=['GET', 'POST'])  # 接受GET和POST方法

具体请参考http-methods

client.py内容如下:

import requests

user_info = {'name': 'letian', 'password': '123'}
r = requests.post("http://127.0.0.1:5000/register", data=user_info)

print r.text

HelloWorld/index.py,然后运行client.pyclient.py将输出:

welcome

HelloWorld/index.py在终端中输出以下调试信息(通过print输出):

Content-Length: 24
User-Agent: python-requests/2.2.1 CPython/2.7.6 Windows/8
Host: 127.0.0.1:5000
Accept: */*
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, compress


ImmutableMultiDict([('password', u'123'), ('name', u'letian')])
letian
letian
[u'letian']
little apple

print request.headers输出。print request.form的结果是:

ImmutableMultiDict([('password', u'123'), ('name', u'letian')])

ImmutableMultiDict对象。关于request.formrequest.form['name']request.form.get('name')都可以获取name对应的值。对于request.form.get()可以为参数default指定值以作为默认值。所以:

print request.form.get('nickname', default='little apple')

输出的是默认值

little apple

name有多个值,可以使用request.form.getlist('name'),该方法将返回一个列表。我们将client.py改一下:

import requests

user_info = {'name': ['letian', 'letian2'], 'password': '123'}
r = requests.post("http://127.0.0.1:5000/register", data=user_info)

print r.text

client.pyprint request.form.getlist('name')将输出:

[u'letian', u'letian2']



上传文件


/upload使用POST上传,上传的图片存放在服务器端的static/uploads目录下。HelloWorld中创建目录static/uploads

$ mkdir HelloWorld/static/uploads

werkzeug库可以判断文件名是否安全,例如防止文件名是../../../a.png,安装这个库:

$ pip install werkzeug

HelloWorld/index.py

from flask import Flask, request
from werkzeug.utils import secure_filename
import os

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config['UPLOAD_FOLDER'] = 'static/uploads/'
app.config['ALLOWED_EXTENSIONS'] = set(['png', 'jpg', 'jpeg', 'gif'])

# For a given file, return whether it's an allowed type or not
def allowed_file(filename):
    return '.' in filename and \
           filename.rsplit('.', 1)[1] in app.config['ALLOWED_EXTENSIONS']

@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
    return 'hello world'

@app.route('/upload', methods=['POST'])
def upload():
    upload_file = request.files['image01']
    if upload_file and allowed_file(upload_file.filename):
        filename = secure_filename(upload_file.filename)
        upload_file.save(os.path.join(app.root_path, app.config['UPLOAD_FOLDER'], filename))
        return 'hello, '+request.form.get('name', 'little apple')+'. success'
    else:
        return 'hello, '+request.form.get('name', 'little apple')+'. failed'

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

app.config中的config是字典的子类,可以用来设置自有的配置信息,也可以设置自己的配置信息。函数allowed_file(filename)用来判断filename是否有后缀以及后缀是否在app.config['ALLOWED_EXTENSIONS']中。image01标识。upload_file是上传文件对应的对象。app.root_path获取index.py所在目录在文件系统中的绝对路径。upload_file.save(path)用来将upload_file保存在服务器的文件系统中,参数最好是绝对路径,否则会报错(网上很多代码都是使用相对路径,但是笔者在使用相对路径时总是报错,说找不到路径)。函数os.path.join()用来将使用合适的路径分隔符将路径组合起来。client.py

import requests

files = {'image01': open('01.jpg', 'rb')}
user_info = {'name': 'letian'}
r = requests.post("http://127.0.0.1:5000/upload", data=user_info, files=files)

print r.text

01.jpg将上传到服务器。运行client.py,结果如下:

hello, letian. success

static/uploads中看到文件01.jpg

要控制上产文件的大小,可以设置请求实体的大小,例如:

app.config['MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH'] = 16 * 1024 * 1024 #16MB

try:...except:...

如果要获取上传文件的内容可以:

file_content = request.files['image01'].stream.read()



处理JSON


Content-Type设置为application/jsonHelloWorld/index.py

from flask import Flask, request, Response
import json

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
    return 'hello world'

@app.route('/json', methods=['POST'])
def my_json():
    print request.headers
    print request.json
    rt = {'info':'hello '+request.json['name']}
    return Response(json.dumps(rt),  mimetype='application/json')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

修改后运行。

client.py

import requests, json

user_info = {'name': 'letian'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
r = requests.post("http://127.0.0.1:5000/json", data=json.dumps(user_info), headers=headers)
print r.headers
print r.json()

client.py,将显示:

CaseInsensitiveDict({'date': 'Tue, 24 Jun 2014 12:10:51 GMT', 'content-length': '24', 'content-type': 'application/json', 'server': 'Werkzeug/0.9.6 Python/2.7.6'})
{u'info': u'hello letian'}

HelloWorld/index.py的调试信息为:

Content-Length: 18
User-Agent: python-requests/2.2.1 CPython/2.7.6 Windows/8
Host: 127.0.0.1:5000
Accept: */*
Content-Type: application/json
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, compress


{u'name': u'letian'}

my_json()函数:

@app.route('/json', methods=['POST'])
def my_json():
    print request.headers
    print request.json
    rt = {'info':'hello '+request.json['name']}
    response = Response(json.dumps(rt),  mimetype='application/json')
    response.headers.add('Server', 'python flask')
    return response