目录

 

概念解释

RPC框架简单实现

定义服务

实现接口

服务端实现

客户端实现


概念解释

       RPC(Remote Procedure Call Protocol)——远程过程调用协议,它是一种通过网络从远程计算机程序上请求服务,而不需要了解底层网络技术的协议。RPC采用客户机/服务器模式。请求程序就是一个客户机,而服务提供程序就是一个服务器。首先,客户机调用进程发送一个有进程参数的调用信息到服务进程,然后等待应答信息。在服务器端,进程保持睡眠状态直到调用信息到达为止。当一个调用信息到达,服务器获得进程参数,计算结果,发送答复信息,然后等待下一个调用信息,最后,客户端调用进程接收答复信息,获得进程结果,然后调用执行继续进行。

      其实说到RPC,大家应该不会陌生才是,以往流行的Web Service就是一种RPC,一般来说RPC 可基于 HTTP 或 TCP 协议,因为Web Service 基于HTTP,所以具有良好的跨平台性,但由于HTTP是应用层协议,相比TCP性能有所损耗。


客户端与服务端建立连接的流程:

 

RPC和流式接口 rpc接口的实现_RPC框架原理

RPC框架简单实现

定义服务

首先定义服务接口,接口可以单独放在一个jar包中

public interface HelloService {

    String hello(String name);

    String hello(Person person);
}

实现接口

然后,增加一种实现

@RpcService(HelloService.class)
public class HelloServiceImpl implements HelloService {

    @Override
    public String hello(String name) {
        return "Hello! " + name;
    }

    @Override
    public String hello(Person person) {
        return "Hello! " + person.getFirstName() + " " + person.getLastName();
    }
}

这里的RpcService注解,定义在服务接口的实现类上,可以让框架通过这个注解找到服务实现类。

更进一步,如果哪天服务版本升级了,但是历史服务还有人在使用,怎么办?解决方案就是服务需要分版本,按版本调用。

@RpcService(value = HelloService.class, version = "sample.hello2")
public class HelloServiceImpl2 implements HelloService {

    @Override
    public String hello(String name) {
        return "你好! " + name;
    }

    @Override
    public String hello(Person person) {
        return "你好! " + person.getFirstName() + " " + person.getLastName();
    }
}

再来看下 RPC 服务注解

/**
 * RPC 服务注解(标注在服务实现类上)
 */
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Component
public @interface RpcService {

    /**
     * 服务接口类
     */
    Class<?> value();

    /**
     * 服务版本号
     */
    String version() default "";
}

服务端实现

Server端主要基于Netty(一个NIO框架)+Spring

回到开头讲的,RPC关键点之一就是传输序列化,简单来说就是客户端调用service时,需要构建一个请求,然后将这个请求序列化传输到服务端,服务端完成调用后,再将结果 序列化后返回。

定义Request

public class RpcRequest {

    private String requestId;
    private String interfaceName;
    private String serviceVersion;
    private String methodName;
    private Class<?>[] parameterTypes;
    private Object[] parameters;

}

定义RpcResponse

public class RpcResponse {

    private String requestId;
    private Exception exception;
    private Object result;

}

Encoder与Decoder

因为项目基于Netty,所以按Netty那一套搞就行,核心是SerializationUtil,这个根据需要可以采用不同的序列化框架,比如pb。

public class RpcEncoder extends MessageToByteEncoder {

    private Class<?> genericClass;

    public RpcEncoder(Class<?> genericClass) {
        this.genericClass = genericClass;
    }

    @Override
    public void encode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object in, ByteBuf out) throws Exception {
        if (genericClass.isInstance(in)) {
            byte[] data = SerializationUtil.serialize(in);
            out.writeInt(data.length);
            out.writeBytes(data);
        }
    }
}
public class RpcDecoder extends ByteToMessageDecoder {

    private Class<?> genericClass;

    public RpcDecoder(Class<?> genericClass) {
        this.genericClass = genericClass;
    }

    @Override
    public void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) throws Exception {
        if (in.readableBytes() < 4) {
            return;
        }
        in.markReaderIndex();
        int dataLength = in.readInt();
        if (in.readableBytes() < dataLength) {
            in.resetReaderIndex();
            return;
        }
        byte[] data = new byte[dataLength];
        in.readBytes(data);
        out.add(SerializationUtil.deserialize(data, genericClass));
    }
}

扫描服务

服务端采用Spring,并且服务加了RpcService注解,所以服务器启动的时候扫描一下带RpcService的就行

下面的代码实现了将服务找出来,并放到handlerMap里,这样,调用服务的时候就可以根据服务名称从Map里找到服务对象,知道了服务对象和服务方法,就能直接调用了。

private Map<String, Object> handlerMap = new HashMap<>();

    public void setApplicationContext(ApplicationContext ctx) throws BeansException {
        // 扫描带有 RpcService 注解的类并初始化 handlerMap 对象
        Map<String, Object> serviceBeanMap = ctx.getBeansWithAnnotation(RpcService.class);
        if (MapUtils.isNotEmpty(serviceBeanMap)) {
            for (Object serviceBean : serviceBeanMap.values()) {
                RpcService rpcService = serviceBean.getClass().getAnnotation(RpcService.class);
                String serviceName = rpcService.value().getName();
                String serviceVersion = rpcService.version();
                if (StringUtil.isNotEmpty(serviceVersion)) {
                    serviceName += "-" + serviceVersion;
                }
                handlerMap.put(serviceName, serviceBean);
            }
        }
    }

启动服务器

按照Netty服务器标准代码,启动服务,注意Encoder和Decoder

@Override
    public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
        EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        try {
            // 创建并初始化 Netty 服务端 Bootstrap 对象
            ServerBootstrap bootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
            bootstrap.group(bossGroup, workerGroup);
            bootstrap.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class);
            bootstrap.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                @Override
                public void initChannel(SocketChannel channel) throws Exception {
                    ChannelPipeline pipeline = channel.pipeline();
                    pipeline.addLast(new RpcDecoder(RpcRequest.class)); // 解码 RPC 请求
                    pipeline.addLast(new RpcEncoder(RpcResponse.class)); // 编码 RPC 响应
                    pipeline.addLast(new RpcServerHandler(handlerMap)); // 处理 RPC 请求
                }
            });
            bootstrap.option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 1024);
            bootstrap.childOption(ChannelOption.SO_KEEPALIVE, true);
            // 获取 RPC 服务器的 IP 地址与端口号
            String[] addressArray = StringUtil.split(serviceAddress, ":");
            String ip = addressArray[0];
            int port = Integer.parseInt(addressArray[1]);
            // 启动 RPC 服务器
            ChannelFuture future = bootstrap.bind(ip, port).sync();
            // 注册 RPC 服务地址
            if (serviceRegistry != null) {
                for (String interfaceName : handlerMap.keySet()) {
                    serviceRegistry.register(interfaceName, serviceAddress);
                    LOGGER.debug("register service: {} => {}", interfaceName, serviceAddress);
                }
            }
            LOGGER.debug("server started on port {}", port);
            // 关闭 RPC 服务器
            future.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        } finally {
            workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
            bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }

处理请求

    RpcServerHandler负责处理请求,熟悉Netty的应该知道,继承SimpleChannelInboundHandler,在channelRead0函数里处理即可,注意,因为pipline里前面已经解码为RpcRequest对象了,所以在这里可以直接使用。

public class RpcServerHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<RpcRequest> {

    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RpcServerHandler.class);

    private final Map<String, Object> handlerMap;

    public RpcServerHandler(Map<String, Object> handlerMap) {
        this.handlerMap = handlerMap;
    }

    @Override
    public void channelRead0(final ChannelHandlerContext ctx, RpcRequest request) throws Exception {
        // 创建并初始化 RPC 响应对象
        RpcResponse response = new RpcResponse();
        response.setRequestId(request.getRequestId());
        try {
            Object result = handle(request);
            response.setResult(result);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            LOGGER.error("handle result failure", e);
            response.setException(e);
        }
        // 写入 RPC 响应对象并自动关闭连接
        ctx.writeAndFlush(response).addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
    }
}

框架没什么说的,核心是怎么handle,无非就是从Reques里获取到服务名称和版本号,然后从handlerMap里寻找服务对象,然后调用方法。

private Object handle(RpcRequest request) throws Exception {
        // 获取服务对象
        String serviceName = request.getInterfaceName();
        String serviceVersion = request.getServiceVersion();
        if (StringUtil.isNotEmpty(serviceVersion)) {
            serviceName += "-" + serviceVersion;
        }
        Object serviceBean = handlerMap.get(serviceName);
        if (serviceBean == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(String.format("can not find service bean by key: %s", serviceName));
        }
        // 获取反射调用所需的参数
        Class<?> serviceClass = serviceBean.getClass();
        String methodName = request.getMethodName();
        Class<?>[] parameterTypes = request.getParameterTypes();
        Object[] parameters = request.getParameters();
        // 执行反射调用
//        Method method = serviceClass.getMethod(methodName, parameterTypes);
//        method.setAccessible(true);
//        return method.invoke(serviceBean, parameters);
        // 使用 CGLib 执行反射调用
        FastClass serviceFastClass = FastClass.create(serviceClass);
        FastMethod serviceFastMethod = serviceFastClass.getMethod(methodName, parameterTypes);
        return serviceFastMethod.invoke(serviceBean, parameters);
    }

服务发现与注册

在分布式系统里,服务的自动发现与注册是标配功能,一般来说都是使用集中配置中心,开源届有Zookeeper、etcd等实现。这里,使用zk作为配置中心。

服务发现与注册的核心是,服务启动时,将服务名称和服务地址写入到配置中心,客户端调用的时候,先从集中配置中心读取所要调用服务的服务器地址,如果有多个,随机挑选一个(当然随机的话会存在负载不均衡问题),连接服务器并调用。

回到代码解读,这里使用的zookeeper,我们来看怎么实现。

先是定义接口:

public interface ServiceRegistry {

    /**
     * 注册服务名称与服务地址
     *
     * @param serviceName    服务名称
     * @param serviceAddress 服务地址
     */
    void register(String serviceName, String serviceAddress);
}

public interface ServiceDiscovery {

    /**
     * 根据服务名称查找服务地址
     *
     * @param serviceName 服务名称
     * @return 服务地址
     */
    String discover(String serviceName);
}

再看谈实现,zk有两种类型的节点,永久节点和临时节点,这种特性非常适合做服务发现与注册。 试想:

  • 新启动一台Server,自动注册到ZK,写一个临时节点,客户端调用的时候就能读取到这个节点
  • 一台Server挂了,临时节点失效,客户端调用的时候就读取不到这个节点,自然不会调用
  • 当服务调用量太大,可以新启动服务,服务小的时候再停掉

不再赘述,看代码:

public class ZooKeeperServiceRegistry implements ServiceRegistry {

    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ZooKeeperServiceRegistry.class);

    private final ZkClient zkClient;

    public ZooKeeperServiceRegistry(String zkAddress) {
        // 创建 ZooKeeper 客户端
        zkClient = new ZkClient(zkAddress, Constant.ZK_SESSION_TIMEOUT, Constant.ZK_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT);
        LOGGER.debug("connect zookeeper");
    }

    @Override
    public void register(String serviceName, String serviceAddress) {
        // 创建 registry 节点(持久)
        String registryPath = Constant.ZK_REGISTRY_PATH;
        if (!zkClient.exists(registryPath)) {
            zkClient.createPersistent(registryPath);
            LOGGER.debug("create registry node: {}", registryPath);
        }
        // 创建 service 节点(持久)
        String servicePath = registryPath + "/" + serviceName;
        if (!zkClient.exists(servicePath)) {
            zkClient.createPersistent(servicePath);
            LOGGER.debug("create service node: {}", servicePath);
        }
        // 创建 address 节点(临时)
        String addressPath = servicePath + "/address-";
        String addressNode = zkClient.createEphemeralSequential(addressPath, serviceAddress);
        LOGGER.debug("create address node: {}", addressNode);
    }
}

原理就是创建了一个临时节点存储服务地址

再来看服务发现:

public class ZooKeeperServiceDiscovery implements ServiceDiscovery {

    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ZooKeeperServiceDiscovery.class);

    private String zkAddress;

    public ZooKeeperServiceDiscovery(String zkAddress) {
        this.zkAddress = zkAddress;
    }

    @Override
    public String discover(String name) {
        // 创建 ZooKeeper 客户端
        ZkClient zkClient = new ZkClient(zkAddress, Constant.ZK_SESSION_TIMEOUT, Constant.ZK_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT);
        LOGGER.debug("connect zookeeper");
        try {
            // 获取 service 节点
            String servicePath = Constant.ZK_REGISTRY_PATH + "/" + name;
            if (!zkClient.exists(servicePath)) {
                throw new RuntimeException(String.format("can not find any service node on path: %s", servicePath));
            }
            List<String> addressList = zkClient.getChildren(servicePath);
            if (CollectionUtil.isEmpty(addressList)) {
                throw new RuntimeException(String.format("can not find any address node on path: %s", servicePath));
            }
            // 获取 address 节点
            String address;
            int size = addressList.size();
            if (size == 1) {
                // 若只有一个地址,则获取该地址
                address = addressList.get(0);
                LOGGER.debug("get only address node: {}", address);
            } else {
                // 若存在多个地址,则随机获取一个地址
                address = addressList.get(ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(size));
                LOGGER.debug("get random address node: {}", address);
            }
            // 获取 address 节点的值
            String addressPath = servicePath + "/" + address;
            return zkClient.readData(addressPath);
        } finally {
            zkClient.close();
        }
    }
}

客户端实现

服务代理

使用 Java 提供的动态代理技术实现 RPC 代理(当然也可以使用 CGLib 来实现),具体代码如下:

public class RpcProxy {

    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RpcProxy.class);

    private String serviceAddress;

    private ServiceDiscovery serviceDiscovery;

    public RpcProxy(String serviceAddress) {
        this.serviceAddress = serviceAddress;
    }

    public RpcProxy(ServiceDiscovery serviceDiscovery) {
        this.serviceDiscovery = serviceDiscovery;
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public <T> T create(final Class<?> interfaceClass) {
        return create(interfaceClass, "");
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public <T> T create(final Class<?> interfaceClass, final String serviceVersion) {
        // 创建动态代理对象
        return (T) Proxy.newProxyInstance(
                interfaceClass.getClassLoader(),
                new Class<?>[]{interfaceClass},
                new InvocationHandler() {
                    @Override
                    public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
                        // 创建 RPC 请求对象并设置请求属性
                        RpcRequest request = new RpcRequest();
                        request.setRequestId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
                        request.setInterfaceName(method.getDeclaringClass().getName());
                        request.setServiceVersion(serviceVersion);
                        request.setMethodName(method.getName());
                        request.setParameterTypes(method.getParameterTypes());
                        request.setParameters(args);
                        // 获取 RPC 服务地址
                        if (serviceDiscovery != null) {
                            String serviceName = interfaceClass.getName();
                            if (StringUtil.isNotEmpty(serviceVersion)) {
                                serviceName += "-" + serviceVersion;
                            }
                            serviceAddress = serviceDiscovery.discover(serviceName);
                            LOGGER.debug("discover service: {} => {}", serviceName, serviceAddress);
                        }
                        if (StringUtil.isEmpty(serviceAddress)) {
                            throw new RuntimeException("server address is empty");
                        }
                        // 从 RPC 服务地址中解析主机名与端口号
                        String[] array = StringUtil.split(serviceAddress, ":");
                        String host = array[0];
                        int port = Integer.parseInt(array[1]);
                        // 创建 RPC 客户端对象并发送 RPC 请求
                        RpcClient client = new RpcClient(host, port);
                        long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
                        RpcResponse response = client.send(request);
                        LOGGER.debug("time: {}ms", System.currentTimeMillis() - time);
                        if (response == null) {
                            throw new RuntimeException("response is null");
                        }
                        // 返回 RPC 响应结果
                        if (response.hasException()) {
                            throw response.getException();
                        } else {
                            return response.getResult();
                        }
                    }
                }
        );
    }
}

RPC客户端

使用RpcClient类实现 RPC 客户端,只需扩展 Netty 提供的SimpleChannelInboundHandler抽象类即可,代码如下:

public class RpcClient extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<RpcResponse> {

    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RpcClient.class);

    private final String host;
    private final int port;

    private RpcResponse response;

    public RpcClient(String host, int port) {
        this.host = host;
        this.port = port;
    }

    @Override
    public void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, RpcResponse response) throws Exception {
        this.response = response;
    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        LOGGER.error("api caught exception", cause);
        ctx.close();
    }

    public RpcResponse send(RpcRequest request) throws Exception {
        EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        try {
            // 创建并初始化 Netty 客户端 Bootstrap 对象
            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
            bootstrap.group(group);
            bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
            bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                @Override
                public void initChannel(SocketChannel channel) throws Exception {
                    ChannelPipeline pipeline = channel.pipeline();
                    pipeline.addLast(new RpcEncoder(RpcRequest.class)); // 编码 RPC 请求
                    pipeline.addLast(new RpcDecoder(RpcResponse.class)); // 解码 RPC 响应
                    pipeline.addLast(RpcClient.this); // 处理 RPC 响应
                }
            });
            bootstrap.option(ChannelOption.TCP_NODELAY, true);
            // 连接 RPC 服务器
            ChannelFuture future = bootstrap.connect(host, port).sync();
            // 写入 RPC 请求数据并关闭连接
            Channel channel = future.channel();
            channel.writeAndFlush(request).sync();
            channel.closeFuture().sync();
            // 返回 RPC 响应对象
            return response;
        } finally {
            group.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

服务测试

public class HelloClient {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring.xml");
        RpcProxy rpcProxy = context.getBean(RpcProxy.class);

        HelloService helloService = rpcProxy.create(HelloService.class);
        String result = helloService.hello("World");
        System.out.println(result);

        HelloService helloService2 = rpcProxy.create(HelloService.class, "sample.hello2");
        String result2 = helloService2.hello("世界");
        System.out.println(result2);

        System.exit(0);
    }
}

输出结果

connect zookeeper
get only address node: address-0000000001
discover service: com.xxx.rpc.sample.api.HelloService => 127.0.0.1:8000
time: 569ms
Hello! World
connect zookeeper
get only address node: address-0000000001
discover service: com.xxx.rpc.sample.api.HelloService-sample.hello2 => 127.0.0.1:8000
time: 36ms
你好! 世界

以上文章本人还未全部验证,仅供大家参考学习。