1. 聚合查询
一般需要搭配MySQL中的一些内置“函数”
1)count:用来计算结果的行数
<mysql> select name,decription from user;
+--------+--------------+
| name | decription |
+--------+--------------+
| 曹操 | 乱世枭雄 |
| 刘备 | 仁德之主 |
| 孙权 | 年轻有为 |
+--------+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
<mysql> select count(*) from user;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 3 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)
2)sum
<mysql> select * from exam_result;
+------+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+------+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 28.5 | 80.0 | 67.8 |
| 3 | 沙和尚 | 61.7 | 78.6 | 48.5 |
| 4 | 猪八戒 | 66.0 | 80.0 | 67.8 |
| 5 | 孙仲谋 | 21.0 | 23.0 | 91.5 |
| 6 | 曹孟德 | 67.5 | 75.5 | 67.8 |
| 7 | 刘玄德 | 66.9 | 80.0 | 69.8 |
+------+-----------+---------+------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
<mysql> select sum(math) from exam_result;
+-----------+
| sum(math) |
+-----------+
| 417.1 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3)avg
<mysql> select avg(math) from exam_result;
+-----------+
| avg(math) |
+-----------+
| 69.51667 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4)max
<mysql> select max(math) from exam_result;
+-----------+
| max(math) |
+-----------+
| 80.0 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)
5)min
<mysql> select min(math) from exam_result;
+-----------+
| min(math) |
+-----------+
| 23.0 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
求小于80的同学的平均分
<mysql> select avg(math) from exam_result where math < 80;
+-----------+
| avg(math) |
+-----------+
| 59.03333 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
6)group by
把得到的查询结果集按照一定的规律分组(可以分成多个组)
select [列] from [表名] group by [前面的列];
使用以上语句,就可以将这一列重复的类型压缩成一个
如果要求平均值
select [列] ,avg(列) from [表名] group by [前面的列];
如果针对group by进行筛选,使用having
select [列] ,avg(列) from [表名] group by [前面的列] having avg(列) > 250;
1. 联合/多表查询
实现联合查询的基本机制:笛卡尔积
多表查询的过程就是先计算两张表的笛卡尔积,再根据一些条件对笛卡尔积中的记录进行筛选
如果针对两个比较大的表进行联合查询,笛卡尔积的计算开销会很大,最终的查找效率也比较低,在生产环境中,不应该对达标进行联合查询。
例子:
已经创建了四个表结构
1)内连接
语法:
select 字段 from 表1 别名1 [inner] join 表2 别名2 on 连接条件 and 其他条件
select 字段 from 表1 别名1,表2 别名2 where 连接条件 and 其他条件;
a)查找名字为“许仙”的分数
select student.id,student.name,score.student_id,score.score from student,score where student.id = score.student_id and student.name ='许仙';
把where后面的条件称之为:连接条件
另外一种写法为:
(join on 方式)
select student.id,student.name,score.student_id,score.score from student inner join score on student.id = score.student_id and student.name ='许仙';
b)查找所有同学的总成绩以及基本信息
select student.id,student.name,sum(score.score) from student,score where student.id = score.student_id group by student.id;
b)查找所有同学的每一科的成绩以及基本信息
select student.name, course.name, score.score from student,score,course where student.id = score.student_id and course.id = score.course_id;
2)自连接
自连接是指在同一张表连接自身进行查询
a)“计算机原理”分数大于“java”的分数的同学
select s1.student_id, s1.score, s1.course_id, s2.student_id, s2.score, s2.course_id from score s1,score s2
where s1.student_id = s2.student_id and s1.course_id = 3 and s2.course_id = 1 and s1.score > s2.score;
3)子查询
a)和某一同学同班的同学
select name from student where classes_id = (select classes_id from student where name = '不想毕业');
b)查询语文或者英文课程所对应的成绩
借助in:
select * from score where course_id in (select id from course where name = '语文' or name = '英文');
借助exist也可以:
select * from score where exists (select score.course_id from course where (name = '语文' or name = '英文') and course.id = score.course_id);
4)合并查询
相当于把多个表查询的结果集合合并成一个集合(需要保证多个结果集之间的字段和数目都得一致)
a)查询id<3或者是英文课程
方法一:
方法二: