centos7安装 软甲选择 centos7怎么安装软件包

文章目录

• 什么是服务

• 管理服务的命令：systemctl

• 列出服务
• 服务启停
• 开机自动启动服务
• 服务状态

• 软件包

• RPM

• 查询安装了什么软件
• 卸载某个软件
• 安装某个软件
• 查询文件所属的包名
• 查询软件安装后，生成了哪些文件

• YUM

• 命令
• epel-release

什么是服务

• 什么是程序（Computer Program）？
  全称计算机程序或电脑程式，简称程序，是一组计算机能识别和执行的指令
• 什么是进程（Process）？
  计算机程序关于某数据集合上的一次运行活动
• 什么是服务？
  特定的进程
• 什么是自有服务？
  Linux系统开机后 自动运行的 服务
  例如：SSH服务

管理服务的命令：systemctl

列出服务

列出所有服务（含启动和冇启动的）

systemctl list-units --type service --all

列出所有启动的服务

systemctl list-units --type service

列出指定服务

systemctl list-units --type service mysqld.service

UNIT	LOAD	ACTIVE	SUB	DESCRIPTION
mysqld.service	loaded	active	running	MySQL Server

列	原文	译文
LOAD	Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded	单元是否被正确加载
ACTIVE	The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB	高级单元活跃状态
SUB	The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type	低级单元活跃状态

显示所有已安装的单元文件

systemctl list-unit-files

服务启停

systemctl 选项 服务名

选项	说明
start	启动
stop	停止
restart	重启

开机自动启动服务

允许 指定服务 开机自启

systemctl enable 服务名

禁用 指定服务 开机自启

systemctl disable 服务名

服务状态

systemctl status 服务名

例如：systemctl status mysqld

● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Wed 2022-11-16 19:55:58 CST; 21h ago
  Process: 9065 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid $MYSQLD_OPTS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 8991 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 9069 (mysqld)
   CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
           └─9069 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid

软件包

• 软件安装包，有：源码包和二进制包
• 源码包：因为 计算机只识别机器语言，所以 要将源码编译为机器语言才能安装
• 二进制包：源码包经过成功编译之后产生的包，可直接安装

RPM

• 全称：RedHat Package Manager
• 作用
  对Linux软件包进行管理，包括：查询、卸载、安装、更新
• RPM依赖：如果 软件A 依赖 软件B，就 要先装B再装A 才能使A可运行

# 查询
rpm {-q|--query} [select-options] [query-options]
# 安装
rpm {-i|--install} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...
# 升级
rpm {-U|--upgrade} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...
# 删除
rpm {-e|--erase} [--allmatches] [--justdb] [--nodeps] [--noscripts] [--notriggers] [--test] PACKAGE_NAME ...

查询安装了什么软件

查询全部软件

rpm -qa

查询指定名称的软件

rpm -qa | grep 软件名称

-a或--all：Query all installed packages.

卸载某个软件

rpm -e 软件的完整名称

安装某个软件

rpm -ivh 软件包名称

参数	说明
-v	打印详细信息
-h或hash	显示安装进度（要配合-v使用）

查询文件所属的包名

rpm -qf 被查询的文件

例如：rpm -qf /var/lib/mysql

查询软件安装后，生成了哪些文件

rpm -ql 软件名称

例如：rpm -ql mysql-community-server-5.7.16-1.el7.x86_64

/etc/logrotate.d/mysql
/etc/my.cnf
/etc/my.cnf.d
/usr/bin/innochecksum
/usr/bin/lz4_decompress
/usr/bin/my_print_defaults
/usr/bin/myisam_ftdump
/usr/bin/myisamchk
/usr/bin/myisamlog
/usr/bin/myisampack
/usr/bin/mysql_install_db
/usr/bin/mysql_plugin
/usr/bin/mysql_secure_installation
/usr/bin/mysql_ssl_rsa_setup
/usr/bin/mysql_tzinfo_to_sql
/usr/bin/mysql_upgrade
/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd
/usr/bin/mysqldumpslow
/usr/bin/perror
/usr/bin/replace
/usr/bin/resolve_stack_dump
/usr/bin/resolveip
/usr/bin/zlib_decompress
/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld@.service
/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/mysql.conf
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_euc-jp
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_euc-jp/char.bin
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_euc-jp/dicrc
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_euc-jp/left-id.def
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_euc-jp/matrix.bin
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_euc-jp/pos-id.def
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_euc-jp/rewrite.def
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_euc-jp/right-id.def
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_euc-jp/sys.dic
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_euc-jp/unk.dic
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_sjis
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_sjis/char.bin
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_sjis/dicrc
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_sjis/left-id.def
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_sjis/matrix.bin
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_sjis/pos-id.def
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_sjis/rewrite.def
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_sjis/right-id.def
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_sjis/sys.dic
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_sjis/unk.dic
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_utf-8
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_utf-8/char.bin
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_utf-8/dicrc
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_utf-8/left-id.def
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_utf-8/matrix.bin
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_utf-8/pos-id.def
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_utf-8/rewrite.def
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_utf-8/right-id.def
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_utf-8/sys.dic
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/dic/ipadic_utf-8/unk.dic
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/etc
/usr/lib64/mysql/mecab/etc/mecabrc
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/adt_null.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/auth_socket.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/adt_null.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/auth_socket.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/ha_example.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/innodb_engine.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/keyring_file.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/keyring_udf.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/libmemcached.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/libpluginmecab.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/locking_service.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/mypluglib.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/mysql_no_login.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/mysqlx.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/rewrite_example.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/rewriter.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/semisync_master.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/semisync_slave.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/validate_password.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/debug/version_token.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/ha_example.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/innodb_engine.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/keyring_file.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/keyring_udf.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/libmemcached.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/libpluginmecab.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/locking_service.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/mypluglib.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/mysql_no_login.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/mysqlx.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/rewrite_example.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/rewriter.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/semisync_master.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/semisync_slave.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/validate_password.so
/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/version_token.so
/usr/sbin/mysqld
/usr/sbin/mysqld-debug
/usr/share/doc/mysql-community-server-5.7.16
/usr/share/doc/mysql-community-server-5.7.16/COPYING
/usr/share/doc/mysql-community-server-5.7.16/ChangeLog
/usr/share/doc/mysql-community-server-5.7.16/INFO_BIN
/usr/share/doc/mysql-community-server-5.7.16/INFO_SRC
/usr/share/doc/mysql-community-server-5.7.16/README
/usr/share/doc/mysql-community-server-5.7.16/my-default.cnf
/usr/share/man/man1/innochecksum.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/lz4_decompress.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/my_print_defaults.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/myisam_ftdump.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/myisamchk.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/myisamlog.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/myisampack.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/mysql.server.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/mysql_install_db.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/mysql_plugin.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/mysql_secure_installation.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/mysql_ssl_rsa_setup.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/mysql_tzinfo_to_sql.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/mysql_upgrade.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/mysqldumpslow.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/mysqlman.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/perror.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/replace.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/resolve_stack_dump.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/resolveip.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/zlib_decompress.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/mysqld.8.gz
/usr/share/mysql/dictionary.txt
/usr/share/mysql/fill_help_tables.sql
/usr/share/mysql/innodb_memcached_config.sql
/usr/share/mysql/install_rewriter.sql
/usr/share/mysql/magic
/usr/share/mysql/my-default.cnf
/usr/share/mysql/mysql-log-rotate
/usr/share/mysql/mysql_security_commands.sql
/usr/share/mysql/mysql_sys_schema.sql
/usr/share/mysql/mysql_system_tables.sql
/usr/share/mysql/mysql_system_tables_data.sql
/usr/share/mysql/mysql_test_data_timezone.sql
/usr/share/mysql/uninstall_rewriter.sql
/var/lib/mysql
/var/lib/mysql-files
/var/lib/mysql-keyring
/var/run/mysqld

YUM

• 全称：Yellow dog Updater, Modified
• 一个在Fedora和RedHat以及CentOS中的Shell前端软件包管理器
  类似于 电脑的软件管家、手机的应用市场
• 基于RPM，能够从指定的服务器（YUM源）自动下载RPM并安装
  可自动处理依赖关系，并一次安装所有依赖的软件包
• YUM源
  源，是指软件安装包的来源，也称软件仓库
  YUM源：使用YUM时，这个软件安装包的来源
• .repo文件
  是Fedora中YUM源的配置文件
  定义了一个或多个软件仓库的细节内容，例如我们将从哪里下载需要安装或升级的软件包

云服务器上的YUM源的部分默认配置

命令

yum [options] [command] [package ...]

常用command	说明
search	搜索软件包
install	安装软件
remove	删除软件
update	更新软件
clean	清除所有缓存
makecache	重新生成缓存

示例：安装软件

yum [-y] install 名称

-y可选，表示yes自动确认安装

epel-release

• Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux
  EPEL提供更多高质量软件包
  安装EPEL后，相当于添加了一个第三方源；安装命令如下

yum -y install epel-release

使用yum安装时会有找不到rpm的情况，是因为 基础的CentOS提供的rpm包不够丰富