python3 如何调用turtle python引入turtle

文章目录

• 一、python3.7使用turtle库

• 1. turtle库的下载
• 2. 修改`setup.py`文件代码
• 3. 安装turtle

• 二、python蟒蛇的绘制代码

• 1. 问题分析
• 2. 绘制的代码
• 3. import保留字
• 4. 程序参数的设置
• 5. 计算问题的扩展

以下内容来自于中国慕课网中《Python语言程序设计 》课程的学习笔记。

一、python3.7使用turtle库

由于Python3.0和Python2.0在语法上存在差异，所以使用安装命令pip install turtle下载turtle库会出现错误，以下是解决方案：

1. turtle库的下载

2. 下载地址：turtle



3. 
   



4. 
   
6. 解压安装包到D:\software\turtle-0.0.2



7. 
   

2. 修改setup.py文件代码

修改第40行代码:

3. 安装turtle

1. 打开cmd，输入pip install D:\software\turtle-0.0.2
2. 报错信息Read timed out.和异常

C:\Users\86571>pip install D:\software\turtle-0.0.2
Processing d:\software\turtle-0.0.2
Collecting Twisted>=8.0.1 (from turtle==0.0.2)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/5b/b1/c1944ce7c2e42afc0ee8888df118d9691c5e446cf6fbb0ec1898f2bc0bc9/Twisted-20.3.0-cp37-cp37m-win_amd64.whl (3.1MB)
ERROR: Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 397, in _error_catcher
    yield
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 479, in read
    data = self._fp.read(amt)
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\cachecontrol\filewrapper.py", line 62, in read
    data = self.__fp.read(amt)
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\http\client.py", line 457, in read
    n = self.readinto(b)
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\http\client.py", line 501, in readinto
    n = self.fp.readinto(b)
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\socket.py", line 589, in readinto
    return self._sock.recv_into(b)
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\ssl.py", line 1071, in recv_into
    return self.read(nbytes, buffer)
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\ssl.py", line 929, in read
    return self._sslobj.read(len, buffer)
socket.timeout: The read operation timed out

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\base_command.py", line 188, in main
    status = self.run(options, args)
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\commands\install.py", line 345, in run
    resolver.resolve(requirement_set)
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\legacy_resolve.py", line 196, in resolve
    self._resolve_one(requirement_set, req)
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\legacy_resolve.py", line 359, in _resolve_one
    abstract_dist = self._get_abstract_dist_for(req_to_install)
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\legacy_resolve.py", line 307, in _get_abstract_dist_for
    self.require_hashes
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 199, in prepare_linked_requirement
    progress_bar=self.progress_bar
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\download.py", line 1064, in unpack_url
    progress_bar=progress_bar
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\download.py", line 924, in unpack_http_url
    progress_bar)
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\download.py", line 1152, in _download_http_url
    _download_url(resp, link, content_file, hashes, progress_bar)
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\download.py", line 861, in _download_url
    hashes.check_against_chunks(downloaded_chunks)
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\utils\hashes.py", line 75, in check_against_chunks
    for chunk in chunks:
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\download.py", line 829, in written_chunks
    for chunk in chunks:
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\utils\ui.py", line 156, in iter
    for x in it:
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\download.py", line 818, in resp_read
    decode_content=False):
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 531, in stream
    data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 496, in read
    raise IncompleteRead(self._fp_bytes_read, self.length_remaining)
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\contextlib.py", line 130, in __exit__
    self.gen.throw(type, value, traceback)
  File "D:\software\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 402, in _error_catcher
    raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions.ReadTimeoutError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='files.pythonhosted.org', port=443): Read timed out.

1. 使用代理，我用的是豆瓣的代理，命令为： pip install --index-url https://pypi.douban.com/simple

C:\Users\86571>pip install --index-url https://pypi.douban.com/simple  D:\software\turtle-0.0.2
Looking in indexes: https://pypi.douban.com/simple
Processing d:\software\turtle-0.0.2
Collecting Twisted>=8.0.1 (from turtle==0.0.2)
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/5b/b1/c1944ce7c2e42afc0ee8888df118d9691c5e446cf6fbb0ec1898f2bc0bc9/Twisted-20.3.0-cp37-cp37m-win_amd64.whl (3.1MB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 3.1MB 3.2MB/s
Requirement already satisfied: PyYAML>=3.0.8 in d:\software\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from turtle==0.0.2) (5.1.2)
Collecting hyperlink>=17.1.1 (from Twisted>=8.0.1->turtle==0.0.2)
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/7f/91/e916ca10a2de1cb7101a9b24da546fb90ee14629e23160086cf3361c4fb8/hyperlink-19.0.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting PyHamcrest!=1.10.0,>=1.9.0 (from Twisted>=8.0.1->turtle==0.0.2)
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/40/16/e54cc65891f01cb62893540f44ffd3e8dab0a22443e1b438f1a9f5574bee/PyHamcrest-2.0.2-py3-none-any.whl (52kB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 61kB 4.1MB/s
Requirement already satisfied: attrs>=19.2.0 in d:\software\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from Twisted>=8.0.1->turtle==0.0.2) (19.2.0)
Collecting incremental>=16.10.1 (from Twisted>=8.0.1->turtle==0.0.2)
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/f5/1d/c98a587dc06e107115cf4a58b49de20b19222c83d75335a192052af4c4b7/incremental-17.5.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting zope.interface>=4.4.2 (from Twisted>=8.0.1->turtle==0.0.2)
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/ef/10/62a7066db6bf7e705e9a240b60cf3263e66bbd88406858082141971239da/zope.interface-5.0.1-cp37-cp37m-win_amd64.whl (186kB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 194kB 2.2MB/s
Collecting Automat>=0.3.0 (from Twisted>=8.0.1->turtle==0.0.2)
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/dd/83/5f6f3c1a562674d65efc320257bdc0873ec53147835aeef7762fe7585273/Automat-20.2.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting constantly>=15.1 (from Twisted>=8.0.1->turtle==0.0.2)
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/b9/65/48c1909d0c0aeae6c10213340ce682db01b48ea900a7d9fce7a7910ff318/constantly-15.1.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: idna>=2.5 in d:\software\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from hyperlink>=17.1.1->Twisted>=8.0.1->turtle==0.0.2) (2.8)
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in d:\software\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from zope.interface>=4.4.2->Twisted>=8.0.1->turtle==0.0.2) (41.4.0)
Requirement already satisfied: six in d:\software\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from Automat>=0.3.0->Twisted>=8.0.1->turtle==0.0.2) (1.12.0)
Building wheels for collected packages: turtle
  Building wheel for turtle (setup.py) ... done
  Created wheel for turtle: filename=turtle-0.0.2-cp37-none-any.whl size=24765 sha256=b39ec106dd82988aefe8513c9e0ecb6391eb3ad969867f75e015967f619da890
  Stored in directory: C:\Users\86571\AppData\Local\pip\Cache\wheels\58\1a\89\877c9db37a7d167b939c3ae1be66d617dd57b3ccedc341a878
Successfully built turtle
Installing collected packages: hyperlink, PyHamcrest, incremental, zope.interface, Automat, constantly, Twisted, turtle
Successfully installed Automat-20.2.0 PyHamcrest-2.0.2 Twisted-20.3.0 constantly-15.1.0 hyperlink-19.0.0 incremental-17.5.0 turtle-0.0.2 zope.interface-5.0.1

1. 运行：

import turtle
from datetime import *


# 抬起画笔，向前运动一段距离放下
def Skip(step):
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.forward(step)
    turtle.pendown()


def mkHand(name, length):
    # 注册Turtle形状，建立表针Turtle
    turtle.reset()
    Skip(-length * 0.1)
    # 开始记录多边形的顶点。当前的乌龟位置是多边形的第一个顶点。
    turtle.begin_poly()
    turtle.forward(length * 1.1)
    # 停止记录多边形的顶点。当前的乌龟位置是多边形的最后一个顶点。将与第一个顶点相连。
    turtle.end_poly()
    # 返回最后记录的多边形。
    handForm = turtle.get_poly()
    turtle.register_shape(name, handForm)


def Init():
    global secHand, minHand, hurHand, printer
    # 重置Turtle指向北
    turtle.mode("logo")
    # 建立三个表针Turtle并初始化
    mkHand("secHand", 135)
    mkHand("minHand", 125)
    mkHand("hurHand", 90)
    secHand = turtle.Turtle()
    secHand.shape("secHand")
    minHand = turtle.Turtle()
    minHand.shape("minHand")
    hurHand = turtle.Turtle()
    hurHand.shape("hurHand")

    for hand in secHand, minHand, hurHand:
        hand.shapesize(1, 1, 3)
        hand.speed(0)

    # 建立输出文字Turtle
    printer = turtle.Turtle()
    # 隐藏画笔的turtle形状
    printer.hideturtle()
    printer.penup()


def SetupClock(radius):
    # 建立表的外框
    turtle.reset()
    turtle.pensize(7)
    for i in range(60):
        Skip(radius)
        if i % 5 == 0:
            turtle.forward(20)
            Skip(-radius - 20)

            Skip(radius + 20)
            if i == 0:
                turtle.write(int(12), align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
            elif i == 30:
                Skip(25)
                turtle.write(int(i / 5), align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
                Skip(-25)
            elif (i == 25 or i == 35):
                Skip(20)
                turtle.write(int(i / 5), align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
                Skip(-20)
            else:
                turtle.write(int(i / 5), align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
            Skip(-radius - 20)
        else:
            turtle.dot(5)
            Skip(-radius)
        turtle.right(6)


def Week(t):
    week = ["星期一", "星期二", "星期三",
            "星期四", "星期五", "星期六", "星期日"]
    return week[t.weekday()]


def Date(t):
    y = t.year
    m = t.month
    d = t.day
    return "%s %d%d" % (y, m, d)


def Tick():
    # 绘制表针的动态显示
    t = datetime.today()
    second = t.second + t.microsecond * 0.000001
    minute = t.minute + second / 60.0
    hour = t.hour + minute / 60.0
    secHand.setheading(6 * second)
    minHand.setheading(6 * minute)
    hurHand.setheading(30 * hour)

    turtle.tracer(False)
    printer.forward(65)
    printer.write(Week(t), align="center",
                  font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
    printer.back(130)
    printer.write(Date(t), align="center",
                  font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
    printer.home()
    turtle.tracer(True)

    # 100ms后继续调用tick
    turtle.ontimer(Tick, 100)


def main():
    # 打开/关闭龟动画，并为更新图纸设置延迟。
    turtle.tracer(False)
    Init()
    SetupClock(160)
    turtle.tracer(True)
    Tick()
    turtle.mainloop()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

二、python蟒蛇的绘制代码

1. 问题分析

• 问题1: 计算机绘图是什么原理？
  一段程序为何能够产生窗体？为何能在窗体上绘制图形？
• 问题2: Python蟒蛇绘制从哪里开始呢？
  如何绘制一条线？如何绘制一个弧形？如何绘制一个蟒蛇？

2. 绘制的代码

#pythonDraw.py
import turtle
turtle.setup(650,350,200,200) 
turtle.penup()
turtle.fd(-250)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.pensize(25)
turtle.pencolor("purple")
turtle.seth(-40)
for i in range(4):
    turtle.circle(40,80)
    turtle.circle(-40,80)
turtle.circle(40,80/2)
turtle.fd(40)
turtle.circle(16,180)
turtle.fd(40*2/3)
turtle.done()

运行结果：

3. import保留字

• 语法：import 保留字
• import turtle
  作用：引入一个绘图库
  这个绘图库名字叫turtle -->海龟

4. 程序参数的设置

• Python蟒蛇的颜色：黑色、白色、七彩色…
• Python蟒蛇的长度：1节、3节、10节…
• Python蟒蛇的方向：向左走、斜着走…

5. 计算问题的扩展

• Python蟒蛇绘制问题是各类图像绘制问题的代表
• 圆形绘制、五角星绘制、国旗绘制、机器猫绘制…
• 掌握绘制一条线的方法，就可以绘制整个世界