一、基于阈值
灰度阈值化,是最简单,速度最快的图像分割方法,广泛用于实时图像处理领域 ,尤其是嵌入式系统中
g(i,j)={10当 f(i, j) ≥ T 时当 f(i, j) < T 时g(i,j)={1当 f(i, j) ≥ T 时0当 f(i, j) < T 时
f(i,j)≥Tf(i,j)≥T 时,分割后的图像元素 g(i,j)g(i,j) 是物体像素,否则为背景像素
当各物体不接触,且 物体和背景的灰度值差别比较明显 时,灰度阈值化是非常合适的分割方法。
1)固定阈值
固定阈值化函数为 threshold(),如下:
double cv::threshold (
InputArray src, // 输入图像 (单通道,8位或32位浮点型)
OutputArray dst, // 输出图像 (大小和类型,都同输入)
double thresh, // 阈值
double maxval, // 最大灰度值(使用 THRESH_BINARY 和 THRESH_BINARY_INV类型时)
int type // 阈值化类型(THRESH_BINARY, THRESH_BINARY_INV; THRESH_TRUNC; THRESH_TOZERO, THRESH_TOZERO_INV)
)
1) THRESH_BINARY
dst(x,y)={maxval0if src(x, y) > threshotherwisedst(x,y)={maxvalif src(x, y) > thresh0otherwise
2) THRESH_TRUNC
dst(x,y)={thresholdsrc(x,y)if src(x, y) > threshotherwisedst(x,y)={thresholdif src(x, y) > threshsrc(x,y)otherwise
THRESH_TOZERO
dst(x,y)={src(x,y)0if src(x, y) > threshotherwise
2)自适应阈值
整幅图像使用同一个阈值做二值化,对于一些情况并不适用,尤其是当图像中的不同区域,照明条件各不相同时。这种情况下,就需要自适应阈值算法,该算法可根据像素所在的区域,来确定一个适合的阈值。因此,对于一幅图中光照不同的区域,可取各自不同的阈值做二值化。
adaptiveThreshold(),如下:
void cv::adaptiveThreshold (
InputArray src, //
OutputArray dst, //
double maxValue, //
int adaptiveMethod, // 自适应阈值算法,目前有 ADAPTIVE_THRESH_MEAN_C 和 ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C 两种
int thresholdType, // 阈值化类型,同 threshold() 中的 type
int blockSize, // 邻域大小
double C //
)
3)示例
阈值化类型和阈值可选的代码示例:
#include "opencv2/imgproc.hpp"
#include "opencv2/imgcodecs.hpp"
#include "opencv2/highgui.hpp"
using namespace cv;
int threshold_value = 0;
int threshold_type = 3;
int const max_value = 255;
int const max_type = 4;
int const max_BINARY_value = 255;
Mat src, src_gray, dst;
const char* window_name = "Threshold Demo";
const char* trackbar_type = "Type: \n 0: Binary \n 1: Binary Inverted \n 2: Truncate \n 3: To Zero \n 4: To Zero Inverted";
const char* trackbar_value = "Value";
void Threshold_Demo(int, void*);
int main( int, char** argv )
{
// 读图
src = imread("Musikhaus.jpg",IMREAD_COLOR);
if( src.empty() )
return -1;
// 转化为灰度图
cvtColor( src, src_gray, COLOR_BGR2GRAY );
// 显示窗口
namedWindow( window_name, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
// 滑动条 - 阈值化类型
createTrackbar( trackbar_type, window_name, &threshold_type,max_type,Threshold_Demo);
// 滑动条 - 阈值
createTrackbar( trackbar_value,window_name, &threshold_value,max_value,Threshold_Demo);
Threshold_Demo(0, 0);
waitKey(0);
}
void Threshold_Demo(int, void*)
{
/* 0: Binary
1: Binary Inverted
2: Threshold Truncated
3: Threshold to Zero
4: Threshold to Zero Inverted
*/
threshold(src_gray, dst, threshold_value, max_BINARY_value, threshold_type);
imshow(window_name, dst);
}
全局阈值和自适应阈值的比较:
#include <opencv2/imgproc.hpp>
#include <opencv2/highgui.hpp>
using namespace cv;
int main()
{
// read an image
Mat img = imread("sudoku.png");
cvtColor(img,img,COLOR_BGR2GRAY);
// adaptive
Mat dst1, dst2, dst3;
threshold(img, dst1, 100, 255, THRESH_BINARY);
adaptiveThreshold(img, dst2, 255,ADAPTIVE_THRESH_MEAN_C ,THRESH_BINARY,11,2);
adaptiveThreshold(img, dst3, 255,ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C ,THRESH_BINARY,11,2);
// show images
imshow("img", img);
imshow("threshold", dst1);
imshow("mean_c", dst2);
imshow("gauss_c", dst3);
waitKey();
}
对比显示的结果为:
二、基于边缘
1)轮廓函数
findContours() 寻找到轮廓,该函数参数如下:
image 一般为二值化图像,可由 compare, inRange, threshold , adaptiveThreshold, Canny 等函数获得
void findContours (
InputOutputArray image, // 输入图像
OutputArrayOfArrays contours, // 检测到的轮廓
OutputArray hierarchy, // 可选的输出向量
int mode, // 轮廓获取模式 (RETR_EXTERNAL, RETR_LIST, RETR_CCOMP,RETR_TREE, RETR_FLOODFILL)
int method, // 轮廓近似算法 (CHAIN_APPROX_NONE, CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE, CHAIN_APPROX_TC89_L1, CHAIN_APPROX_TC89_KCOS)
Point offset = Point() // 轮廓偏移量
)
hierarchy 为可选的参数,如果不选择该参数,则可得到 findContours 函数的第二种形式
void findContours (
InputOutputArray image,
OutputArrayOfArrays contours,
int mode,
int method,
Point offset = Point()
)
drawContours() 函数如下:
void drawContours (
InputOutputArray image, // 目标图像
InputArrayOfArrays contours, // 所有的输入轮廓
int contourIdx, //
const Scalar & color, // 轮廓颜色
int thickness = 1, // 轮廓线厚度
int lineType = LINE_8, //
InputArray hierarchy = noArray(), //
int maxLevel = INT_MAX, //
Point offset = Point() //
)
2)例程
#include "opencv2/imgcodecs.hpp"
#include "opencv2/highgui.hpp"
#include "opencv2/imgproc.hpp"
using namespace cv;
using namespace std;
Mat src,src_gray;
int thresh = 100;
int max_thresh = 255;
RNG rng(12345);
void thresh_callback(int, void* );
int main( int, char** argv )
{
// 读图
src = imread("Pillnitz.jpg", IMREAD_COLOR);
if (src.empty())
return -1;
// 转化为灰度图
cvtColor(src, src_gray, COLOR_BGR2GRAY );
blur(src_gray, src_gray, Size(3,3) );
// 显示
namedWindow("Source", WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
imshow( "Source", src );
// 滑动条
createTrackbar("Canny thresh:", "Source", &thresh, max_thresh, thresh_callback );
// 回调函数
thresh_callback( 0, 0 );
waitKey(0);
}
// 回调函数
void thresh_callback(int, void* )
{
Mat canny_output;
vector<vector<Point> > contours;
vector<Vec4i> hierarchy;
// canny 边缘检测
Canny(src_gray, canny_output, thresh, thresh*2, 3);
// 寻找轮廓
findContours( canny_output, contours, hierarchy, RETR_TREE, CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE, Point(0, 0) );
Mat drawing = Mat::zeros( canny_output.size(), CV_8UC3);
// 画出轮廓
for( size_t i = 0; i< contours.size(); i++ ) {
Scalar color = Scalar( rng.uniform(0, 255), rng.uniform(0,255), rng.uniform(0,255) );
drawContours( drawing, contours, (int)i, color, 2, 8, hierarchy, 0, Point() );
}
namedWindow( "Contours", WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
imshow( "Contours", drawing );
}
以 Dresden 的 Schloss Pillnitz 为源图,输出如下: