一、基于阈值

 灰度阈值化,是最简单,速度最快的图像分割方法,广泛用于实时图像处理领域 ,尤其是嵌入式系统中

g(i,j)={10当 f(i, j) ≥ T 时当 f(i, j) < T 时g(i,j)={1当 f(i, j) ≥ T 时0当 f(i, j) < T 时

f(i,j)≥Tf(i,j)≥T 时,分割后的图像元素 g(i,j)g(i,j) 是物体像素,否则为背景像素

    当各物体不接触,且 物体和背景的灰度值差别比较明显 时,灰度阈值化是非常合适的分割方法。

opencv 图像分割python opencv实现图像分割_二值化

 

 1)固定阈值

固定阈值化函数为 threshold(),如下:

double cv::threshold (    
    InputArray   src,   // 输入图像 (单通道,8位或32位浮点型)  
    OutputArray  dst,  // 输出图像 (大小和类型,都同输入)
    double    thresh, // 阈值
    double    maxval, // 最大灰度值(使用 THRESH_BINARY 和 THRESH_BINARY_INV类型时)
    int      type   // 阈值化类型(THRESH_BINARY, THRESH_BINARY_INV; THRESH_TRUNC; THRESH_TOZERO, THRESH_TOZERO_INV)
)

  1) THRESH_BINARY

dst(x,y)={maxval0if src(x, y) > threshotherwisedst(x,y)={maxvalif src(x, y) > thresh0otherwise

  2) THRESH_TRUNC

dst(x,y)={thresholdsrc(x,y)if src(x, y) > threshotherwisedst(x,y)={thresholdif src(x, y) > threshsrc(x,y)otherwise

THRESH_TOZERO 

dst(x,y)={src(x,y)0if src(x, y) > threshotherwise

2)自适应阈值

 整幅图像使用同一个阈值做二值化,对于一些情况并不适用,尤其是当图像中的不同区域,照明条件各不相同时。这种情况下,就需要自适应阈值算法,该算法可根据像素所在的区域,来确定一个适合的阈值。因此,对于一幅图中光照不同的区域,可取各自不同的阈值做二值化。

adaptiveThreshold(),如下:

void cv::adaptiveThreshold (
    InputArray      src,       //
    OutputArray     dst,       //
    double   maxValue,         //
    int      adaptiveMethod,   // 自适应阈值算法,目前有 ADAPTIVE_THRESH_MEAN_C 和 ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C 两种
    int      thresholdType,    // 阈值化类型,同 threshold() 中的 type
    int      blockSize,        // 邻域大小
    double   C                 //
)

3)示例

阈值化类型和阈值可选的代码示例:

#include "opencv2/imgproc.hpp"
#include "opencv2/imgcodecs.hpp"
#include "opencv2/highgui.hpp"

using namespace cv;

int threshold_value = 0;
int threshold_type = 3;
int const max_value = 255;
int const max_type = 4;
int const max_BINARY_value = 255;

Mat src, src_gray, dst;
const char* window_name = "Threshold Demo";

const char* trackbar_type = "Type: \n 0: Binary \n 1: Binary Inverted \n 2: Truncate \n 3: To Zero \n 4: To Zero Inverted";
const char* trackbar_value = "Value";

void Threshold_Demo(int, void*);

int main( int, char** argv )
{
  // 读图
  src = imread("Musikhaus.jpg",IMREAD_COLOR);
  if( src.empty() )
      return -1;

  // 转化为灰度图
  cvtColor( src, src_gray, COLOR_BGR2GRAY );
  // 显示窗口
  namedWindow( window_name, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
  // 滑动条 - 阈值化类型
  createTrackbar( trackbar_type, window_name, &threshold_type,max_type,Threshold_Demo);
  // 滑动条 - 阈值
  createTrackbar( trackbar_value,window_name, &threshold_value,max_value,Threshold_Demo);

  Threshold_Demo(0, 0);

  waitKey(0);
}

void Threshold_Demo(int, void*)
{
    /* 0: Binary
    1: Binary Inverted
    2: Threshold Truncated
    3: Threshold to Zero
    4: Threshold to Zero Inverted
    */
    threshold(src_gray, dst, threshold_value, max_BINARY_value, threshold_type);
    imshow(window_name, dst);
}

全局阈值和自适应阈值的比较:

#include <opencv2/imgproc.hpp>
#include <opencv2/highgui.hpp>
 
using namespace cv;
 
int main()
{
    // read an image
    Mat img = imread("sudoku.png");
    cvtColor(img,img,COLOR_BGR2GRAY);
 
    // adaptive
    Mat dst1, dst2, dst3;
    threshold(img, dst1, 100, 255, THRESH_BINARY);
    adaptiveThreshold(img, dst2, 255,ADAPTIVE_THRESH_MEAN_C ,THRESH_BINARY,11,2);
    adaptiveThreshold(img, dst3, 255,ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C ,THRESH_BINARY,11,2);
 
    // show images
    imshow("img", img);
    imshow("threshold", dst1);
    imshow("mean_c", dst2);
    imshow("gauss_c", dst3);
 
    waitKey();
}

对比显示的结果为:

opencv 图像分割python opencv实现图像分割_二值化_02

 

 二、基于边缘

1)轮廓函数

findContours() 寻找到轮廓,该函数参数如下:

  image 一般为二值化图像,可由 compare, inRange, threshold , adaptiveThreshold, Canny 等函数获得

void findContours (
    InputOutputArray      image,       // 输入图像
    OutputArrayOfArrays   contours,    // 检测到的轮廓
    OutputArray           hierarchy,   // 可选的输出向量
    int       mode,            // 轮廓获取模式 (RETR_EXTERNAL, RETR_LIST, RETR_CCOMP,RETR_TREE, RETR_FLOODFILL)
    int       method,          // 轮廓近似算法 (CHAIN_APPROX_NONE, CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE, CHAIN_APPROX_TC89_L1, CHAIN_APPROX_TC89_KCOS)
    Point     offset = Point() // 轮廓偏移量
)

hierarchy 为可选的参数,如果不选择该参数,则可得到 findContours 函数的第二种形式

void findContours (
  InputOutputArray   image,
  OutputArrayOfArrays contours,
  int    mode,
  int    method,
  Point   offset = Point()
)

 drawContours() 函数如下: 

void drawContours (
    InputOutputArray     image,         // 目标图像
    InputArrayOfArrays   contours,      // 所有的输入轮廓
    int               contourIdx,      //
    const Scalar &     color,           //  轮廓颜色
    int          thickness = 1,         //  轮廓线厚度
    int          lineType = LINE_8,     //
    InputArray   hierarchy = noArray(), //
    int          maxLevel = INT_MAX,    //
    Point        offset = Point()       //    
)

2)例程

#include "opencv2/imgcodecs.hpp"
#include "opencv2/highgui.hpp"
#include "opencv2/imgproc.hpp"
 
using namespace cv;
using namespace std;
 
Mat src,src_gray;
int thresh = 100;
int max_thresh = 255;
RNG rng(12345);
 
void thresh_callback(int, void* );
 
int main( int, char** argv )
{
  // 读图
  src = imread("Pillnitz.jpg", IMREAD_COLOR);
  if (src.empty())
      return -1;
 
  // 转化为灰度图
  cvtColor(src, src_gray, COLOR_BGR2GRAY );
  blur(src_gray, src_gray, Size(3,3) );
   
  // 显示
  namedWindow("Source", WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
  imshow( "Source", src );
 
  // 滑动条
  createTrackbar("Canny thresh:", "Source", &thresh, max_thresh, thresh_callback );
 
  // 回调函数
  thresh_callback( 0, 0 );
 
  waitKey(0);
}
 
// 回调函数
void thresh_callback(int, void* )
{
  Mat canny_output;
  vector<vector<Point> > contours;
  vector<Vec4i> hierarchy;
   
  // canny 边缘检测
  Canny(src_gray, canny_output, thresh, thresh*2, 3);
   
  // 寻找轮廓
  findContours( canny_output, contours, hierarchy, RETR_TREE, CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE, Point(0, 0) );
 
  Mat drawing = Mat::zeros( canny_output.size(), CV_8UC3);
   
  // 画出轮廓
  for( size_t i = 0; i< contours.size(); i++ ) {
      Scalar color = Scalar( rng.uniform(0, 255), rng.uniform(0,255), rng.uniform(0,255) );
      drawContours( drawing, contours, (int)i, color, 2, 8, hierarchy, 0, Point() );
  }
 
  namedWindow( "Contours", WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
  imshow( "Contours", drawing );
}

以 Dresden 的 Schloss Pillnitz 为源图,输出如下:

opencv 图像分割python opencv实现图像分割_二值化_03