Ansible的介绍与安装
- 一、ansible的介绍
- 二、ansible架构图
- 三、安装ansible
- 四、ansible的简单使用
一、ansible的介绍
ansible是一个自动化运维工具,基于Python开发,集合了众多运维工具(puppet、chef、func、fabric)的优点,实现了批量系统配置,批量程序部署,批量运行命令等功能。
特性
- 被管理端无需安装代理服务,只要配置满足条件的Python版本和SSH服务
- 不需要服务端,只需要安装ansible软件,配置完成后,直接运行命令
- 可以基于任何语言开发新模块
- 由于被控端没有安装代理服务,只能通过命令端推送任务
- 模块是幂等性,定义的任务已存在则不会做任何事情,意味着同一台服务器上多次执行同一个playbook和执行一次,效果一样
二、ansible架构图
组件 | 功能 |
connection plugins | 连接插件,负责和被监控端实现通信 |
host inventory | 主机库,是一个配置文件里面定义监控的主机 |
modules | ansible自身核心模块、command模块、自定义模块 |
Plugins | 借助于插件完成记录日志邮件等功能 |
playbooks | 剧本执行多个任务时,非必需可以让节点一次性运行多个任务 |
Ansible方式
ansible的设计宗旨是工具易用,自动化易写易读,所以在创建自动化时我们应追求简单化
ansible自动化语言围绕简单易读的声明性文本文件来构建。正确编写的ansible playbook可以清楚地记录你的工作自动化
ansible是一种要求状态引擎。它通过表达你所希望系统处于何种状态爱解决如何自动化IT部署的问题。Ansible的目标是通过仅执行必要的更改,使系统处于所需的状态。
三、安装ansible
控制节点
Ansible易于安装。ansible软件只需要安装到需要运行它的一个(或多个)控制节点。由ansible管理的主机不需要安装ansible。
对于控制节点的要求:
- 控制节点应是linux或UNIX系统。不支持Windows用作控制节点,但Windows系统可以是受管主机
- 控制节点选装Python3(版本3.5或以上)
受管主机
Ansible的一大优点是受管主机不需要安装特殊代理。Ansible控制节点使用标准的网络协议连接受管主机,从而确保系统处于指定的状态
# 安装epel源
[root@localhost ~]# dnf -y install epel-release
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
##过程略
已安装:
epel-release-8-11.el8.noarch
完毕!
# 安装ansible
[root@localhost ~]# dnf -y install ansible
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
##过程略
已安装:
ansible-2.9.23-1.el8.noarch libsodium-1.0.18-2.el8.x86_64
python3-babel-2.5.1-5.el8.noarch python3-bcrypt-3.1.6-2.el8.1.x86_64
python3-jinja2-2.10.1-2.el8_0.noarch python3-jmespath-0.9.0-11.el8.noarch
python3-markupsafe-0.23-19.el8.x86_64 python3-paramiko-2.4.3-1.el8.noarch
python3-pyasn1-0.3.7-6.el8.noarch python3-pynacl-1.3.0-5.el8.x86_64
sshpass-1.06-9.el8.x86_64
完毕!
[root@localhost ~]# ansible --version
ansible 2.9.23
config file = /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
configured module search path = ['/root/.ansible/plugins/modules', '/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']
ansible python module location = /usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ansible
executable location = /usr/bin/ansible
python version = 3.6.8 (default, Dec 5 2019, 15:45:45) [GCC 8.3.1 20191121 (Red Hat 8.3.1-5)]
# 通过set模块验证localhost上的ansible_python_version
[root@localhost ~]# ansible --version
ansible 2.9.23
config file = /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
configured module search path = ['/root/.ansible/plugins/modules', '/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']
ansible python module location = /usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ansible
executable location = /usr/bin/ansible
python version = 3.6.8 (default, Dec 5 2019, 15:45:45) [GCC 8.3.1 20191121 (Red Hat 8.3.1-5)]
[root@localhost ~]# ansible -m setup localhost | grep ansible_python_version
"ansible_python_version": "3.6.8",
四、ansible的简单使用
通常将受管主机组织为主机组,通过主机组对一系列运行Ansible。开头以括号括起来的为主机组名称
定义清单
例: [webserver]
192.168.8.128
[dbserver]
10.10.10.10
构建清单
[root@client ansible]# cat inventory
192.168.8.125
[webserver]
192.168.8.128
[dbserver]
192.168.8.130
当清单中有相同名称的主机和主机组时,ansible命令将以主机为目标,主机组则被忽略
验证清单
[root@client ansible]# ansible 192.168.8.128 --list-hosts
hosts (1):
192.168.8.128
# 列出属于webserver组的清单
[root@client ansible]# ansible webserver --list-hosts
hosts (1):
192.168.8.128
# 列出所有清单
[root@client ansible]# ansible all --list-hosts
hosts (2):
192.168.8.128
192.168.8.130
# 列出不属于任何组的清单
[root@client ansible]# ansible ungrouped --list-hosts
hosts (1):
192.168.8.125
# 控制受管主机
[root@client ansible]# cat inventory
192.168.8.125
[webserver]
192.168.8.128 ansible_user=root ansible_password=1 ##添加用户名和密码
[dbserver]
192.168.8.130
[root@client ansible]# ansible webserver -m ping
192.168.8.128 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
# 免密登录
[root@client ansible]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:jPp9aCQTTDuYMTB88I/PAe7PRXDA2xEBFl0/r/OIMT0 root@client
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
| .+o .=+o+. |
| .o+.o.o . |
| .oB.+.. o |
| .o+*=. o |
| o +oS . |
| . +oo. . . |
| o o+..o E |
| + oo .+ = |
| +.... . . |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[root@client ansible]# ssh-copy-id root@192.168.8.128
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.8.128's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.8.128'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
[root@client ansible]# cat inventory
[webserver]
192.168.8.128
[root@client ansible]# ansible webserver -m ping
192.168.8.128 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}