redis 存储 protobuf redis 存储过程

一、概述

Redis是内存数据库，数据保存在内存中，但是我们都知道内存的数据变化是很快的，也容易发生丢失。幸好Redis还为我们提供了持久化的机制，分别是RDB(Redis DataBase)和AOF(Append Only File)。

二、持久化流程

（1）客户端向服务端发送写操作(数据在客户端的内存中)。

（2）数据库服务端接收到写请求的数据(数据在服务端的内存中)。

（3）服务端调用write这个系统调用，将数据往磁盘上写(数据在系统内存的缓冲区中)。

（4）操作系统将缓冲区中的数据转移到磁盘控制器上(数据在磁盘缓存中)。

（5）磁盘控制器将数据写到磁盘的物理介质中(数据真正落到磁盘上)。

三、RDB（Redis DataBase，相当于MYSQL数据库每日备份）

RDB持久化是指在指定的时间间隔内将内存中的数据集快照写入磁盘，实际操作过程是fork一个子进程，先将数据集写入临时文件，写入成功后，再替换之前的文件，用二进制压缩存储。

一.RDB机制

RDB持久化是指在指定的时间间隔内将内存中的数据集快照写入磁盘。也是默认的持久化方式，这种方式是就是将内存中数据以快照的方式写入到二进制文件中,默认的文件名为dump.rdb。对于RDB来说，提供了三种机制：save、bgsave、自动化来触发快照的生成。

1、save机制（同步阻塞）

save会阻塞redis服务器，不能处理其他命令，直到save执行完毕，这样

2、bgsave机制（异步非阻塞）

Redis进程执行fork操作创建子进程，RDB持久化过程由子进程负责，完成后自动结束。阻塞只发生在fork阶段，一般时间很短。基本上 Redis 内部所有的RDB操作都是采用 bgsave 命令。

二.RDB配置文件

################################ SNAPSHOTTING快照  ################################
# 保存数据在硬盘
# Save the DB on disk:
#   保存<时间范围之内><发生了多少改变>
#   save <seconds> <changes>
#
#   Will save the DB if both the given number of seconds and the given
#   number of write operations against the DB occurred.
#
#   In the example below the behavior will be to save:
#   after 900 sec (15 min) if at least 1 key changed
#   after 300 sec (5 min) if at least 10 keys changed
#   after 60 sec if at least 10000 keys changed
#   注意：你可以通过注释掉所有“保存”行来完全禁用保存。
#   Note: you can disable saving completely by commenting out all "save" lines.
#
#   It is also possible to remove all the previously configured save
#   points by adding a save directive with a single empty string argument
#   like in the following example:
#
#   save ""

save 900 1
save 300 10
save 60 10000

# By default Redis will stop accepting writes if RDB snapshots are enabled
# (at least one save point) and the latest background save failed.
# This will make the user aware (in a hard way) that data is not persisting
# on disk properly, otherwise chances are that no one will notice and some
# disaster will happen.
#
# If the background saving process will start working again Redis will
# automatically allow writes again.
#
# However if you have setup your proper monitoring of the Redis server
# and persistence, you may want to disable this feature so that Redis will
# continue to work as usual even if there are problems with disk,
# permissions, and so forth.
# 持久化出错，是否还继续工作
stop-writes-on-bgsave-error yes

# Compress string objects using LZF when dump .rdb databases?
# By default compression is enabled as it's almost always a win.
# If you want to save some CPU in the saving child set it to 'no' but
# the dataset will likely be bigger if you have compressible values or keys.
# 是否压缩RDB文件，需要消耗一些CPU资源。
rdbcompression yes

# Since version 5 of RDB a CRC64 checksum is placed at the end of the file.
# This makes the format more resistant to corruption but there is a performance
# hit to pay (around 10%) when saving and loading RDB files, so you can disable it
# for maximum performances.
#
# RDB files created with checksum disabled have a checksum of zero that will
# tell the loading code to skip the check.
# 是否数据校验RDB文件
rdbchecksum yes

# The filename where to dump the DB
#转储数据库的文件名
dbfilename dump.rdb

# Remove RDB files used by replication in instances without persistence
# enabled. By default this option is disabled, however there are environments
# where for regulations or other security concerns, RDB files persisted on
# disk by masters in order to feed replicas, or stored on disk by replicas
# in order to load them for the initial synchronization, should be deleted
# ASAP. Note that this option ONLY WORKS in instances that have both AOF
# and RDB persistence disabled, otherwise is completely ignored.
#
#获得相同效果的另一种方法（有时是更好的方法）是在主实例和副本实例上都使用无盘复制。 但是，对于副本，无盘# 并非始终是一种选择。
# An alternative (and sometimes better) way to obtain the same effect is
# to use diskless replication on both master and replicas instances. However
# in the case of replicas, diskless is not always an option.
rdb-del-sync-files no

# The working directory.
#
# The DB will be written inside this directory, with the filename specified
# above using the 'dbfilename' configuration directive.
#
# The Append Only File will also be created inside this directory.
#请注意，您必须在此处指定目录，而不是文件名。
# Note that you must specify a directory here, not a file name.
#文件目录
dir ./

三、AOF（Append Only File约等于MYSQL的redo log）

一.AOF机制

AOF持久化以日志的形式记录服务器所处理的每一个写、删除操作，查询操作不会记录，以文本的方式记录，可以打开文件看到详细的操作记录。

二.AOF配置文件

##############APPEND ONLY MODE Redis配置数据持久化 AOF配置####################

# By default Redis asynchronously dumps the dataset on disk. This mode is
# good enough in many applications, but an issue with the Redis process or
# a power outage may result into a few minutes of writes lost (depending on
# the configured save points).
#
# The Append Only File is an alternative persistence mode that provides
# much better durability. For instance using the default data fsync policy
# (see later in the config file) Redis can lose just one second of writes in a
# dramatic event like a server power outage, or a single write if something
# wrong with the Redis process itself happens, but the operating system is
# still running correctly.
#
# AOF and RDB persistence can be enabled at the same time without problems.
# If the AOF is enabled on startup Redis will load the AOF, that is the file
# with the better durability guarantees.
#
# Please check http://redis.io/topics/persistence for more information.
# 默认不开启AOF，默认使用rdb方法持久化，一般情况下rdb就够用了。
appendonly yes

# The name of the append only file (default: "appendonly.aof")
# aof文件的名称
appendfilename "appendonly.aof"

# The fsync() call tells the Operating System to actually write data on disk
# instead of waiting for more data in the output buffer. Some OS will really flush
# data on disk, some other OS will just try to do it ASAP.
#
# Redis supports three different modes:
#
# no: don't fsync, just let the OS flush the data when it wants. Faster.
# always: fsync after every write to the append only log. Slow, Safest.
# everysec: fsync only one time every second. Compromise.
#
# The default is "everysec", as that's usually the right compromise between
# speed and data safety. It's up to you to understand if you can relax this to
# "no" that will let the operating system flush the output buffer when
# it wants, for better performances (but if you can live with the idea of
# some data loss consider the default persistence mode that's snapshotting),
# or on the contrary, use "always" that's very slow but a bit safer than
# everysec.
#
# More details please check the following article:
# http://antirez.com/post/redis-persistence-demystified.html
#
# If unsure, use "everysec".
#每次修改都会同步
# appendfsync always
# 默认值，每秒同步一次。可能会丢失一秒的数据。
appendfsync everysec
#关闭同步
# appendfsync no

# When the AOF fsync policy is set to always or everysec, and a background
# saving process (a background save or AOF log background rewriting) is
# performing a lot of I/O against the disk, in some Linux configurations
# Redis may block too long on the fsync() call. Note that there is no fix for
# this currently, as even performing fsync in a different thread will block
# our synchronous write(2) call.
#
# In order to mitigate this problem it's possible to use the following option
# that will prevent fsync() from being called in the main process while a
# BGSAVE or BGREWRITEAOF is in progress.
#
# This means that while another child is saving, the durability of Redis is
# the same as "appendfsync none". In practical terms, this means that it is
# possible to lose up to 30 seconds of log in the worst scenario (with the
# default Linux settings).
#
# If you have latency problems turn this to "yes". Otherwise leave it as
# "no" that is the safest pick from the point of view of durability.

no-appendfsync-on-rewrite no

# Automatic rewrite of the append only file.
# Redis is able to automatically rewrite the log file implicitly calling
# BGREWRITEAOF when the AOF log size grows by the specified percentage.
#
# This is how it works: Redis remembers the size of the AOF file after the
# latest rewrite (if no rewrite has happened since the restart, the size of
# the AOF at startup is used).
#
# This base size is compared to the current size. If the current size is
# bigger than the specified percentage, the rewrite is triggered. Also
# you need to specify a minimal size for the AOF file to be rewritten, this
# is useful to avoid rewriting the AOF file even if the percentage increase
# is reached but it is still pretty small.
#
# Specify a percentage of zero in order to disable the automatic AOF
# rewrite feature.

auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100
auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb

# An AOF file may be found to be truncated at the end during the Redis
# startup process, when the AOF data gets loaded back into memory.
# This may happen when the system where Redis is running
# crashes, especially when an ext4 filesystem is mounted without the
# data=ordered option (however this can't happen when Redis itself
# crashes or aborts but the operating system still works correctly).
#
# Redis can either exit with an error when this happens, or load as much
# data as possible (the default now) and start if the AOF file is found
# to be truncated at the end. The following option controls this behavior.
#
# If aof-load-truncated is set to yes, a truncated AOF file is loaded and
# the Redis server starts emitting a log to inform the user of the event.
# Otherwise if the option is set to no, the server aborts with an error
# and refuses to start. When the option is set to no, the user requires
# to fix the AOF file using the "redis-check-aof" utility before to restart
# the server.
#
# Note that if the AOF file will be found to be corrupted in the middle
# the server will still exit with an error. This option only applies when
# Redis will try to read more data from the AOF file but not enough bytes
# will be found.
aof-load-truncated yes

# When rewriting the AOF file, Redis is able to use an RDB preamble in the
# AOF file for faster rewrites and recoveries. When this option is turned
# on the rewritten AOF file is composed of two different stanzas:
#
#   [RDB file][AOF tail]
#
# When loading, Redis recognizes that the AOF file starts with the "REDIS"
# string and loads the prefixed RDB file, then continues loading the AOF
# tail.
aof-use-rdb-preamble yes

三.操作记录appendonly.conf文件

四.AOF文件异常

如果appendonly.conf文件异常（比如给里面随便写了一些内容），会影响redis服务重启，redis提供了修复方式，可以执行 redis-check-aof --fix appendonly.aof来修复aof文件，如果aof文件是正常的会提示文件有效，如果异常则会进行修复。