@Configuration 的详细介绍  https://www.breakyizhan.com/java/14623.html

 

从Spring3.0,@Configuration用于定义配置类,可替换xml配置文件,被注解的类内部包含有一个或多个被@Bean注解的方法,这些方法将会被AnnotationConfigApplicationContext或AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext类进行扫描,并用于构建bean定义,初始化Spring容器。@Configuration的第二个作用是可以作为配置类,和@Component的作用一样,两者的差别是@Configuration 中所有带 @Bean 注解的方法都会被动态代理,因此调用该方法返回的都是同一个实例。

注意:@Configuration注解的配置类有如下要求:

  1. @Configuration不可以是final类型;
  2. @Configuration不可以是匿名类;
  3. 嵌套的configuration必须是静态类。

本文的目录如下(也可看左侧的目录列表):

一、用@Configuration加载spring
1.1、@Configuration配置spring并启动spring容器
1.2、@Configuration启动容器+@Bean注册Bean
1.3、@Configuration启动容器+@Component注册Bean
1.4、使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 注册 AppContext 类的两种方法
1.5、配置Web应用程序(web.xml中配置AnnotationConfigApplicationContext)

二、组合多个配置类
2.1、在@configuration中引入spring的xml配置文件
2.2、在@configuration中引入其它注解配置
2.3、@configuration嵌套(嵌套的Configuration必须是静态类)
三、@Component和@Configuration作为配置类的差别

一、@Configuation加载Spring方法

1.1、@Configuration配置spring并启动spring容器

@Configuration标注在类上,相当于把该类作为spring的xml配置文件中的<beans>,作用为:配置spring容器(应用上下文)

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
 
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
 
@Configuration
publicclass TestConfiguration {
public TestConfiguration() {
 System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");
 }
}

相当于:

<?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beansxmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc" 
xmlns:jee="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee"xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"xmlns:task="http://www.springframework.org/schema/task" xsi:schemaLocation="
 http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd
 http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd
 http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc/spring-jdbc-4.0.xsd
 http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-4.0.xsd
 http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-4.0.xsd
 http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd
 http://www.springframework.org/schema/task http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-4.0.xsd" default-lazy-init="false">
 
 
</beans>

主方法进行测试:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
 
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
 
publicclass TestMain {
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args) {
 
// @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
 ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
 
// 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:
// ApplicationContext context = new
// ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
 }
}

从运行主方法结果可以看出,spring容器已经启动了:

Spring注解之 @Configuration 的详细介绍_spring

1.2、@Configuration启动容器+@Bean注册Bean,@Bean下管理bean的生命周期

@Bean标注在方法上(返回某个实例的方法),等价于spring的xml配置文件中的<bean>,作用为:注册bean对象

bean类:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
 
publicclass TestBean {
 
private String username;
private String url;
private String password;
 
publicvoid sayHello() {
 System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
 }
 
public String toString() {
return"username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
 }
 
publicvoid start() {
 System.out.println("TestBean 初始化。。。");
 }
 
publicvoid cleanUp() {
 System.out.println("TestBean 销毁。。。");
 }
}

配置类:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
 
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;
 
@Configuration
publicclass TestConfiguration {
public TestConfiguration() {
 System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");
 }
 
// @Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法
// @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
@Bean
@Scope("prototype")
public TestBean testBean() {
returnnew TestBean();
 }
}

主方法测试类:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
 
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
 
publicclass TestMain {
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args) {
 
// @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
 ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
 
// 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:
// ApplicationContext context = new
// ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");

//获取bean
 TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
 tb.sayHello();
 }
}

结果:

Spring注解之 @Configuration 的详细介绍_spring_02

注:
(1)、@Bean注解在返回实例的方法上,如果未通过@Bean指定bean的名称,则默认与标注的方法名相同;
(2)、@Bean注解默认作用域为单例singleton作用域,可通过@Scope(“prototype”)设置为原型作用域;
(3)、既然@Bean的作用是注册bean对象,那么完全可以使用@Component、@Controller、@Service、@Ripository等注解注册bean,当然需要配置@ComponentScan注解进行自动扫描。
@Bean下管理bean的生命周期
可以使用基于 Java 的配置来管理 bean 的生命周期。@Bean 支持两种属性,即 initMethod 和destroyMethod,这些属性可用于定义生命周期方法。在实例化 bean 或即将销毁它时,容器便可调用生命周期方法。生命周期方法也称为回调方法,因为它将由容器调用。使用 @Bean 注释注册的 bean 也支持 JSR-250 规定的标准 @PostConstruct 和 @PreDestroy 注释。如果您正在使用 XML 方法来定义 bean,那么就应该使用 bean 元素来定义生命周期回调方法。以下代码显示了在 XML 配置中通常使用 bean 元素定义回调的方法。

@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration")
publicclass TestConfiguration {
public TestConfiguration() {
 System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");
 }
 
//@Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法
@Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
@Scope("prototype")
public TestBean testBean() {
returnnew TestBean();
 }
}

启动类:

publicclass TestMain {
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args) {
 
 ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
 
 TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
 tb.sayHello();
 System.out.println(tb);

 TestBean tb2 = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
 tb2.sayHello();
 System.out.println(tb2);
 }
}

结果:

Spring注解之 @Configuration 的详细介绍_spring_03

分析:

结果中的1:表明initMethod生效

结果中的2:表明@Scope("prototype")生效

1.3、@Configuration启动容器+@Component注册Bean

bean类:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
 
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
 
//添加注册bean的注解
@Component
publicclass TestBean {
 
private String username;
private String url;
private String password;
 
publicvoid sayHello() {
 System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
 }
 
public String toString() {
return"username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
 }
 
publicvoid start() {
 System.out.println("TestBean 初始化。。。");
 }
 
publicvoid cleanUp() {
 System.out.println("TestBean 销毁。。。");
 }
}

配置类:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
 
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;
 
@Configuration
//添加自动扫描注解,basePackages为TestBean包路径
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration")
publicclass TestConfiguration {
public TestConfiguration() {
 System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");
 }
 
/*// @Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法
 // @Bean(name="testNean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
 @Bean
 @Scope("prototype")
 public TestBean testBean() {
 return new TestBean();
 }*/
}

主方法测试获取bean对象:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
 
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
 
publicclass TestMain {
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args) {
 
// @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
 ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
 
// 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:
// ApplicationContext context = new
// ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");

//获取bean
 TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
 tb.sayHello();
 }
}

sayHello()方法都被正常调用。

Spring注解之 @Configuration 的详细介绍_System_04

1.4、使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 注册 AppContext 类的两种方法

1.4.1、 配置类的注册方式是将其传递给 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 构造函数

publicstaticvoid main(String[] args) {
 
// @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
 ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
 
//获取bean
 TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
 tb.sayHello();
 }

1.4.2、 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 的register 方法传入配置类来注册配置类

publicstaticvoid main(String[] args) {
 ApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext();
 ctx.register(AppContext.class)
}

1.5、配置Web应用程序(web.xml中配置AnnotationConfigApplicationContext)

过去,您通常要利用 XmlWebApplicationContext 上下文来配置 Spring Web 应用程序,即在 Web 部署描述符文件 web.xml 中指定外部 XML 上下文文件的路径。XMLWebApplicationContext 是 Web 应用程序使用的默认上下文类。以下代码描述了 web.xml 中指向将由 ContextLoaderListener 监听器类载入的外部 XML 上下文文件的元素。

<web-app>
 <context-param>
 <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
 <param-value>/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml</param-value>
 </context-param>
 <listener>
 <listener-class>
 org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener
 </listener-class>
 </listener>
 <servlet>
 <servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name>
 <servlet-class>
 org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet
 </servlet-class>
 </servlet>
 
...
</web-app>

现在,您要将 web.xml 中的上述代码更改为使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 类。切记,XmlWebApplicationContext 是 Spring 为 Web 应用程序使用的默认上下文实现,因此您永远不必在您的web.xml 文件中显式指定这个上下文类。现在,您将使用基于 Java 的配置,因此在配置 Web 应用程序时,需要在web.xml 文件中指定 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 类。上述代码将修改如下:

<web-app>
 <context-param>
 <param-name>contextClass</param-name>
 <param-value>
 org.springframework.web.context.
 support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
 </param-value>
 </context-param>
 <context-param>
 <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
 <param-value>
 demo.AppContext
 </param-value>
 </context-param>
 <listener>
 <listener-class>
 org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener
 </listener-class>
 </listener>
 <servlet>
 <servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name>
 <servlet-class>
 org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet
 </servlet-class>
 <init-param>
 <param-name>contextClass</param-name>
 <param-value>
 org.springframework.web.context.
 support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
 </param-value>
 </init-param>
 </servlet>
 
...
</web-app>

以上修改后的 web.xml 现在定义了 AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext 上下文类,并将其作为上下文参数和 servlet 元素的一部分。上下文配置位置现在指向 AppContext 配置类。这非常简单。下一节将演示 bean 的生命周期回调和范围的实现。

1.6、@Configuation总结

@Configuation等价于<Beans></Beans>

@Bean等价于<Bean></Bean>

@ComponentScan等价于<context:component-scan base-package="com.dxz.demo"/>

 

二、组合多个配置类

2.1、在@configuration中引入spring的xml配置文件

package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;
 
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource;
 
@Configuration
@ImportResource("classpath:applicationContext-configuration.xml")
publicclass WebConfig {
}

bean类:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;
 
publicclass TestBean2 {
private String username;
private String url;
private String password;
 
publicvoid sayHello() {
 System.out.println("TestBean2 sayHello...");
 }
 
public String toString() {
return"TestBean2 username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
 }
 
publicvoid start() {
 System.out.println("TestBean2 初始化。。。");
 }
 
publicvoid cleanUp() {
 System.out.println("TestBean2 销毁。。。");
 }
}

测试类:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;
 
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
 
publicclass TestMain2 {
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args) {
 
// @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
 ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class);
 
// 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:
// ApplicationContext context = new
// ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
 
// 获取bean
 TestBean2 tb = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2");
 tb.sayHello();
 }
}

结果:

Spring注解之 @Configuration 的详细介绍_xml_05

 2.2、在@configuration中引入其它注解配置

package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;
 
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Import;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource;
 
import com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestConfiguration;
 
@Configuration
@ImportResource("classpath:applicationContext-configuration.xml")
@Import(TestConfiguration.class)
publicclass WebConfig {
}

测试类:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;
 
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
 
import com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestBean;
 
publicclass TestMain2 {
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args) {
 
// @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
 ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class);
 
// 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:
// ApplicationContext context = new
// ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
 
// 获取bean
 TestBean2 tb2 = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2");
 tb2.sayHello();

 TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
 tb.sayHello();
 }
}

结果:

Spring注解之 @Configuration 的详细介绍_xml_06

2.3、@configuration嵌套(嵌套的Configuration必须是静态类)

通过配置类嵌套的配置类,达到组合多个配置类的目的。但注意内部类必须是静态类。

上代码:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;
 
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
 
@Component
publicclass TestBean {
 
private String username;
private String url;
private String password;
 
publicvoid sayHello() {
 System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
 }
 
public String toString() {
return"username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
 }
 
publicvoid start() {
 System.out.println("TestBean start");
 }
 
publicvoid cleanUp() {
 System.out.println("TestBean destory");
 }
}
package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;
 
publicclass DataSource {
 
private String dbUser;
private String dbPass;
public String getDbUser() {
return dbUser;
 }
publicvoid setDbUser(String dbUser) {
this.dbUser = dbUser;
 }
public String getDbPass() {
return dbPass;
 }
publicvoid setDbPass(String dbPass) {
this.dbPass = dbPass;
 }
@Override
public String toString() {
return"DataSource [dbUser=" + dbUser + ", dbPass=" + dbPass + "]";
 }
}

配置类:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;
 
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
 
@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration3")
publicclass TestConfiguration {
public TestConfiguration() {
 System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");
 }

@Configuration
staticclass DatabaseConfig {
@Bean
 DataSource dataSource() {
returnnew DataSource();
 }
 }
}

启动类:

package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;
 
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
 
publicclass TestMain {
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args) {
 
// @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContexts
 ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
 
//bean
 TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
 tb.sayHello();

 DataSource ds = (DataSource) context.getBean("dataSource");
 System.out.println(ds);
 }

}

结果:


TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。 TestBean sayHello... DataSource [dbUser=null, dbPass=null]


三、Spring @Configuration 和 @Component 区别

@Configuration的第二个作用是可以作为配置类,和@Component的作用一样,两者的差别是@Configuration 中所有带 @Bean 注解的方法都会被动态代理,因此调用该方法返回的都是同一个实例。

@Configuration
publicclass MyTestConfig {
 
@Bean
public Driver driver(){
Driver driver = new Driver();
driver.setId(1);
driver.setName("driver");
driver.setCar(car());
return driver;
}
 
@Bean
public Car car(){
Car car = new Car();
car.setId(1);
car.setName("car");
return car;
}
}
 
测试代码如下
 
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
publicclass TestApplicationTests {
 
@Autowired
private Car car;
 
@Autowired
private Driver driver;
 
@Test
publicvoid contextLoads() {
boolean result = driver.getCar() == car;
System.out.println(result ? "同一个car" : "不同的car");
}
 
}

输出


同一个car


替换为Component后的打印结果:


不同的car


从上面的结果可以发现使用Configuration时在driver和spring容器之中的是同一个对象,而使用Component时是不同的对象。
造成不同结果的原因在ConfigurationClassPostProcessor类之中,通过调用enhanceConfigurationClasses方法,为被注解@Configuration的类进行CGLIB代理。