Introduction
Conventional wisdom holds that bitmap indexes are most appropriate for columns having low distinct values--such as GENDER, MARITAL_STATUS, and RELATION. This assumption is not completely accurate, however. In reality, a bitmap index is always advisable for systems in which data is not frequently updated by many concurrent systems.
There are several disadvantages to using a bitmap index on a unique column--one being the need for sufficient space (and Oracle does not recommend it). However, the size of the bitmap index depends on the cardinality of the column on which it is created as well as the data distribution. Consequently, a bitmap index on the GENDER column will be smaller than a B-tree index on the same column. In contrast, a bitmap index on EMPNO (a candidate for primary key) will be much larger than a B-tree index on this column.
To illustrate this point, I created two tables, TEST_NORMAL and TEST_RANDOM. I inserted one million rows into the TEST_NORMAL table using a PL/SQL block, and then inserted these rows into the TEST_RANDOM table in random order:
Create table test_normal (empno number(10), ename varchar2(30), sal number(10));
Begin
For i in 1..1000000
Loop
Insert into test_normal
values(i, dbms_random.string('U',30), dbms_random.value(1000,7000));
If mod(i, 10000) = 0 then
Commit;
End if;
End loop;
End;
/
Create table test_random
as
select /*+ append */ * from test_normal order by dbms_random.random;
SQL> select count(*) "Total Rows" from test_normal;
Total Rows
----------
1000000
Elapsed: 00:00:01.09
SQL> select count(distinct empno) "Distinct Values" from test_normal;
Distinct Values
---------------
1000000
Elapsed: 00:00:06.09
SQL> select count(*) "Total Rows" from test_random;
Total Rows
----------
1000000
Elapsed: 00:00:03.05
SQL> select count(distinct empno) "Distinct Values" from test_random;
Distinct Values
---------------
1000000
Elapsed: 00:00:12.07
Note that the TEST_NORMAL table is organized and that the TEST_RANDOM table is randomly created and hence has disorganized data. In the above table, column EMPNO has 100-percent distinct values and is a good candidate to become a primary key. If you define this column as a primary key, you will create a B-tree index and not a bitmap index because Oracle does not support bitmap primary key indexes.
To analyze the behavior of these indexes, we will perform the following steps:
- On TEST_NORMAL:
- Create a bitmap index on the EMPNO column and execute some queries with equality predicates.
- Create a B-tree index on the EMPNO column, execute some queries with equality predicates, and compare the logical and physical I/Os done by the queries to fetch the results for different sets of values.
- On TEST_RANDOM:
- Same as Step 1A.
- Same as Step 1B.
- On TEST_NORMAL:
- Same as Step 1A, except that the queries are executed within a range of predicates.
- Same as Step 1B, except that the queries are executed within a range of predicates. Now compare the statistics.
- On TEST_RANDOM:
- Same as Step 3A.
- Same as Step 3B.
- On TEST_NORMAL:
- Create a bitmap index on the SAL column, and then execute some queries with equality predicates and some with range predicates.
- Create a B-tree index on the SAL column, and then execute some queries with equality predicates and some with range predicates (same set of values as in Step 5A). Compare the I/Os done by the queries to fetch the results.
- Add a GENDER column to both of the tables, and update the column with three possible values:Mfor male,Ffor female, andnullfor N/A. This column is updated with these values based on some condition.
- Create a bitmap index on this column, and then execute some queries with equality predicates.
- Create a B-tree index on the GENDER column, and then execute some queries with equality predicates. Compare to results from Step 7.
Steps 1 to 4 involve a high-cardinality (100-percent distinct) column, Step 5 a normal-cardinality column, and Steps 7 and 8 a low-cardinality column.
Step 1A (on TEST_NORMAL)
In this step, we will create a bitmap index on the TEST_NORMAL table and then check for the size of this index, its clustering factor, and the size of the table. Then we will run some queries with equality predicates and note the I/Os of these queries using this bitmap index.
SQL> create bitmap index normal_empno_bmx on test_normal(empno);
Index created.
Elapsed: 00:00:29.06
SQL> analyze table test_normal compute statistics for table for all indexes for all indexed columns;
Table analyzed.
Elapsed: 00:00:19.01
SQL> select substr(segment_name,1,30) segment_name, bytes/1024/1024 "Size in MB"
2 from user_segments
3* where segment_name in ('TEST_NORMAL','NORMAL_EMPNO_BMX');
SEGMENT_NAME Size in MB
------------------------------------ ---------------
TEST_NORMAL 50
NORMAL_EMPNO_BMX 28
Elapsed: 00:00:02.00
SQL> select index_name, clustering_factor from user_indexes;
INDEX_NAME CLUSTERING_FACTOR
------------------------------ ---------------------------------
NORMAL_EMPNO_BMX 1000000
Elapsed: 00:00:00.00
You can see in the preceding table that the size of the index is 28MB and that the clustering factor is equal to the number of rows in the table. Now let's execute the queries with equality predicates for different sets of values
SQL> set autotrace only
SQL> select * from test_normal where empno=&empno;
Enter value for empno: 1000
old 1: select * from test_normal where empno=&empno
new 1: select * from test_normal where empno=1000
Elapsed: 00:00:00.01
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=4 Card=1 Bytes=34)
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'TEST_NORMAL' (Cost=4 Car
d=1 Bytes=34)
2 1 BITMAP CONVERSION (TO ROWIDS)
3 2 BITMAP INDEX (SINGLE VALUE) OF 'NORMAL_EMPNO_BMX'
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
5 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
515 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
499 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
Step 1B (on TEST_NORMAL)
Now we will drop this bitmap index and create a B-tree index on the EMPNO column. As before, we will check for the size of the index and its clustering factor and execute the same queries for the same set of values, to compare the I/Os.
SQL> drop index NORMAL_EMPNO_BMX;
Index dropped.
SQL> create index normal_empno_idx on test_normal(empno);
Index created.
SQL> analyze table test_normal compute statistics for table for all indexes for all indexed columns;
Table analyzed.
SQL> select substr(segment_name,1,30) segment_name, bytes/1024/1024 "Size in MB"
2 from user_segments
3 where segment_name in ('TEST_NORMAL','NORMAL_EMPNO_IDX');
SEGMENT_NAME Size in MB
---------------------------------- ---------------
TEST_NORMAL 50
NORMAL_EMPNO_IDX 18
SQL> select index_name, clustering_factor from user_indexes;
INDEX_NAME CLUSTERING_FACTOR
---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
NORMAL_EMPNO_IDX 6210
It is clear in this table that the B-tree index is smaller than the bitmap index on the EMPNO column. The clustering factor of the B-tree index is much nearer to the number of blocks in a table; for that reason, the B-tree index is efficient for range predicate queries.
Now we'll run the same queries for the same set of values, using our B-tree index.
SQL> set autot trace
SQL> select * from test_normal where empno=&empno;
Enter value for empno: 1000
old 1: select * from test_normal where empno=&empno
new 1: select * from test_normal where empno=1000
Elapsed: 00:00:00.01
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=4 Card=1 Bytes=34)
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'TEST_NORMAL' (Cost=4 Car
d=1 Bytes=34)
2 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'NORMAL_EMPNO_IDX' (NON-UNIQUE) (C
ost=3 Card=1)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
29 recursive calls
0 db block gets
5 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
515 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
499 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
As you can see, when the queries are executed for different set of values, the number of consistent gets and physical reads are identical for bitmap and B-tree indexes on a 100-percent unique column.
BITMAP | EMPNO | B-TREE | ||
Consistent Reads | Physical Reads | Consistent Reads | Physical Reads | |
5 | 0 | 1000 | 5 | 0 |
5 | 2 | 2398 | 5 | 2 |
5 | 2 | 8545 | 5 | 2 |
5 | 2 | 98008 | 5 | 2 |
5 | 2 | 85342 | 5 | 2 |
5 | 2 | 128444 | 5 | 2 |
5 | 2 | 858 | 5 | 2 |
Step 2A (on TEST_RANDOM)
Now we'll perform the same experiment on TEST_RANDOM:
SQL> create bitmap index random_empno_bmx on test_random(empno);
Index created.
SQL> analyze table test_random compute statistics for table for all indexes for all indexed columns;
Table analyzed.
SQL> select substr(segment_name,1,30) segment_name, bytes/1024/1024 "Size in MB"
2 from user_segments
3* where segment_name in ('TEST_RANDOM','RANDOM_EMPNO_BMX');
SEGMENT_NAME Size in MB
------------------------------------ ---------------
TEST_RANDOM 50
RANDOM_EMPNO_BMX 28
SQL> select index_name, clustering_factor from user_indexes;
INDEX_NAME CLUSTERING_FACTOR
------------------------------ ---------------------------------
RANDOM_EMPNO_BMX 1000000
Again, the statistics (size and clustering factor) are identical to those of the index on the TEST_NORMAL table:
SQL> select * from test_random where empno=&empno;
Enter value for empno: 1000
old 1: select * from test_random where empno=&empno
new 1: select * from test_random where empno=1000
Elapsed: 00:00:00.01
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=4 Card=1 Bytes=34)
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'TEST_RANDOM' (Cost=4 Card=1 Bytes=34)
2 1 BITMAP CONVERSION (TO ROWIDS)
3 2 BITMAP INDEX (SINGLE VALUE) OF 'RANDOM_EMPNO_BMX'
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
5 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
515 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
499 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
Step 2B (on TEST_RANDOM)
Now, as in Step 1B, we will drop the bitmap index and create a B-tree index on the EMPNO column.
SQL> drop index RANDOM_EMPNO_BMX;
Index dropped.
SQL> create index random_empno_idx on test_random(empno);
Index created.
SQL> analyze table test_random compute statistics for table for all indexes for all indexed columns;
Table analyzed.
SQL> select substr(segment_name,1,30) segment_name, bytes/1024/1024 "Size in MB"
2 from user_segments
3 where segment_name in ('TEST_RANDOM','RANDOM_EMPNO_IDX');
SEGMENT_NAME Size in MB
---------------------------------- ---------------
TEST_RANDOM 50
RANDOM_EMPNO_IDX 18
SQL> select index_name, clustering_factor from user_indexes;
INDEX_NAME CLUSTERING_FACTOR
---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
RANDOM_EMPNO_IDX 999830
This table shows that the size of the index is equal to the size of this index on TEST_NORMAL table but the clustering factor is much nearer to the number of rows, which makes this index inefficient for range predicate queries
Now let's run the queries with equality predicates and the same set of values.
SQL> select * from test_random where empno=&empno;
Enter value for empno: 1000
old 1: select * from test_random where empno=&empno
new 1: select * from test_random where empno=1000
Elapsed: 00:00:00.01
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=4 Card=1 Bytes=34)
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'TEST_RANDOM' (Cost=4 Card=1 Bytes=34)
2 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'RANDOM_EMPNO_IDX' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=3 Card=1)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
5 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
515 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
499 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
1 rows processed
Again, the results are almost identical to those in Steps 1A and 1B. The data distribution did not affect the amount of consistent gets and physical reads for a unique column.
Step 3A (on TEST_NORMAL)
In this step, we will create the bitmap index (similar to Step 1A). We know the size and the clustering factor of the index, which equals the number of rows in the table. Now let's run some queries with range predicates.
SQL> select * from test_normal where empno between &range1 and &range2;
Enter value for range1: 1
Enter value for range2: 2300
2300 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 641040856
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 2299 | 78166 | 417 (0)| 00:00:06 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | TEST_NORMAL | 2299 | 78166 | 417 (0)| 00:00:06 |
| 2 | BITMAP CONVERSION TO ROWIDS| | | | | |
|* 3 | BITMAP INDEX RANGE SCAN | NORMAL_EMPNO_BMX | | | | |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
3 - access("EMPNO">=1 AND "EMPNO"<=2300)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
331 consistent gets
24 physical reads
0 redo size
121513 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
2102 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
155 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
2300 rows processed
Step 3B (on TEST_NORMAL)
In this step, we'll execute the queries against the TEST_NORMAL table with a B-tree index on it.
SQL> select * from test_normal where empno between &range1 and &range2;
Enter value for range1: 1
Enter value for range2: 2300
old 1: select * from test_normal where empno between &range1 and &range2
new 1: select * from test_normal where empno between 1 and 2300
2300 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.02
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=23 Card=2299 Bytes=78166)
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'TEST_NORMAL' (Cost=23 Card=2299 Bytes=78166)
2 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'NORMAL_EMPNO_IDX' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=8 Card=2299)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
329 consistent gets
21 physical reads
0 redo size
111416 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
2182 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
155 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
2300 rows processed
When these queries are executed for different sets of ranges, the results below show:
BITMAP | EMPNO (Range) | B-TREE | ||
Consistent Reads | Physical Reads | Consistent Reads | Physical Reads | |
331 | 24 | 1-2300 | 329 | 21 |
285 | 21 | 8-1980 | 283 | 19 |
346 | 26 | 1850-4250 | 344 | 23 |
427 | 33 | 28888-31850 | 425 | 30 |
371 | 29 | 82900-85478 | 368 | 25 |
2157 | 150 | 984888-1000000 | 2139 | 131 |
As you can see, the number of consistent gets and physical reads with both indexes is again nearly identical. The last range (984888-1000000) returned almost 15,000 rows, which was the maximum number of rows fetched for all the ranges given above. So when we asked for a full table scan (by giving the hint /*+ full(test_normal) */
Step 4A (on TEST_RANDOM)
In this step, we will run the queries with range predicates on the TEST_RANDOM table with bitmap index and check for consistent gets and physical reads. Here you'll see the impact of the clustering factor.
SQL>select * from test_random where empno between &range1 and &range2;
Enter value for range1: 1
Enter value for range2: 2300
old 1: select * from test_random where empno between &range1 and &range2
new 1: select * from test_random where empno between 1 and 2300
2300 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:08.01
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=453 Card=2299 Bytes=78166)
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'TEST_RANDOM' (Cost=453 Card=2299 Bytes=78166)
2 1 BITMAP CONVERSION (TO ROWIDS)
3 2 BITMAP INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'RANDOM_EMPNO_BMX'
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
2467 consistent gets
1916 physical reads
0 redo size
111416 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
2182 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
155 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
2300 rows processed
Step 4B (on TEST_RANDOM)
In this step, we will execute the range predicate queries on TEST_RANDOM with a B-tree index on it. Recall that the clustering factor of this index was very close to the number of rows in a table (and thus inefficient). Here's what the optimizer has to say about that:
SQL> select * from test_random where empno between &range1 and &range2;
Enter value for range1: 1
Enter value for range2: 2300
old 1: select * from test_random where empno between &range1 and &range2
new 1: select * from test_random where empno between 1 and 2300
2300 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:03.04
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=613 Card=2299 Bytes=78166)
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'TEST_RANDOM' (Cost=613 Card=2299 Bytes=78166)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
6415 consistent gets
4910 physical reads
0 redo size
111416 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
2182 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
155 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
2300 rows processed
The optimizer opted for a full table scan rather than using the index because of the clustering factor:
BITMAP | EMPNO (Range) | B-TREE | ||
Consistent Reads | Physical Reads | Consistent Reads | Physical Reads | |
2467 | 1916 | 1-2300 | 6404 | 6250 |
2114 | 1680 | 8-1980 | 6404 | 6250 |
2571 | 2017 | 1850-4250 | 6412 | 6250 |
3173 | 2391 | 28888-31850 | 6449 | 6250 |
2761 | 2160 | 82900-85478 | 6425 | 6250 |
16173 | 5775 | 984888-1000000 | 7260 | 6250 |
For the last range (984888-1000000) only, the optimizer opted for a full table scan for the bitmap index, whereas for all ranges, it opted for a full table scan for the B-tree index. This disparity is due to the clustering factor: The optimizer does not consider the value of the clustering factor when generating execution plans using a bitmap index, whereas for a B-tree index, it does. In this scenario, the bitmap index performs more efficiently than the B-tree index.
The following steps reveal more interesting facts about these indexes.
Step 5A (on TEST_NORMAL)
Create a bitmap index on the SAL column of the TEST_NORMAL table. This column has normal cardinality
SQL> create bitmap index normal_sal_bmx on test_normal(sal);
Index created.
SQL> analyze table test_normal compute statistics for table for all indexes for all indexed columns;
Table analyzed.
Now let's get the size of the index and the clustering factor.
SQL>select substr(segment_name,1,30) segment_name, bytes/1024/1024 "Size in MB"
2* from user_segments
3* where segment_name in ('TEST_NORMAL','NORMAL_SAL_BMX');
SEGMENT_NAME Size in MB
------------------------------ --------------
TEST_NORMAL 50
NORMAL_SAL_BMX 4
SQL> select index_name, clustering_factor from user_indexes;
INDEX_NAME CLUSTERING_FACTOR
------------------------------ ----------------------------------
NORMAL_SAL_BMX 6001
Now for the queries. First run them with equality predicates
SQL> set autot trace
SQL> select * from test_normal where sal=&sal;
Enter value for sal: 1869
old 1: select * from test_normal where sal=&sal
new 1: select * from test_normal where sal=1869
164 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.08
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=39 Card=168 Bytes=4032)
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'TEST_NORMAL' (Cost=39 Card=168 Bytes=4032)
2 1 BITMAP CONVERSION (TO ROWIDS)
3 2 BITMAP INDEX (SINGLE VALUE) OF 'NORMAL_SAL_BMX'
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
174 consistent gets
172 physical reads
0 redo size
8461 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
609 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
12 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
164 rows processed
and then with range predicates
SQL> select * from test_normal where sal between &sal1 and &sal2;
Enter value for sal1: 1500
Enter value for sal2: 2000
old 1: select * from test_normal where sal between &sal1 and &sal2
new 1: select * from test_normal where sal between 1500 and 2000
83743 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:05.00
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=601 Card=83376 Bytes
=2001024)
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'TEST_NORMAL' (Cost=601 Card=83376
Bytes=2001024)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
11770 consistent gets
6235 physical reads
0 redo size
4123553 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
61901 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
5584 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
83743 rows processed
Now drop the bitmap index and create a B-tree index on TEST_NORMAL
SQL> create index normal_sal_idx on test_normal(sal);
Index created.
SQL> analyze table test_normal compute statistics for table for all indexes for all indexed columns;
Table analyzed.
Take a look at the size of the index and the clustering factor
SQL> select substr(segment_name,1,30) segment_name, bytes/1024/1024 "Size in MB"
2 from user_segments
3 where segment_name in ('TEST_NORMAL','NORMAL_SAL_IDX');
SEGMENT_NAME Size in MB
------------------------------ ---------------
TEST_NORMAL 50
NORMAL_SAL_IDX 17
SQL> select index_name, clustering_factor from user_indexes;
INDEX_NAME CLUSTERING_FACTOR
------------------------------ ----------------------------------
NORMAL_SAL_IDX 986778
In the above table, you can see that this index is larger than the bitmap index on the same column. The clustering factor is also near the number of rows in this table.
Now for the tests; equality predicates first:
SQL> set autot trace
SQL> select * from test_normal where sal=&sal;
Enter value for sal: 1869
old 1: select * from test_normal where sal=&sal
new 1: select * from test_normal where sal=1869
164 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.01
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=169 Card=168 Bytes=4032)
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'TEST_NORMAL' (Cost=169 Card=168 Bytes=4032)
2 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'NORMAL_SAL_IDX' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=3 Card=168)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
186 consistent gets
173 physical reads
0 redo size
8461 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
609 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
12 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
164 rows processed
...and then, range predicates
SQL> select * from test_normal where sal between &sal1 and &sal2;
Enter value for sal1: 1500
Enter value for sal2: 2000
old 1: select * from test_normal where sal between &sal1 and &sal2
new 1: select * from test_normal where sal between 1500 and 2000
83743 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:04.03
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=601 Card=83376 Bytes
=2001024)
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'TEST_NORMAL' (Cost=601 Card=83376
Bytes=2001024)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
11770 consistent gets
6235 physical reads
0 redo size
4123553 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
61901 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
5584 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
83743 rows processed
When the queries were executed for different set of values, the resulting output, as shown in the tables below, reveals that the numbers of consistent gets and physical reads are identical.
BITMAP | SAL (Equality) | B-TREE | Rows Fetched | ||
Consistent Reads | Physical Reads | Consistent Reads | Physical Reads | ||
165 | 0 | 1869 | 177 | 164 | |
169 | 163 | 3548 | 181 | 167 | |
174 | 166 | 6500 | 187 | 172 | |
75 | 69 | 7000 | 81 | 73 | |
177 | 163 | 2500 | 190 | 175 | |
BITMAP | SAL (Range) | B-TREE | Rows Fetched | ||
Consistent Reads | Physical Reads | Consistent Reads | Physical Reads | ||
11778 | 5850 | 1500-2000 | 11778 | 3891 | 83743 |
11765 | 5468 | 2000-2500 | 11765 | 3879 | 83328 |
11753 | 5471 | 2500-3000 | 11753 | 3884 | 83318 |
17309 | 5472 | 3000-4000 | 17309 | 3892 | 166999 |
39398 | 5454 | 4000-7000 | 39398 | 3973 | 500520 |
For range predicates the optimizer opted for a full table scan for all the different set of values—it didn't use the indexes at all—whereas for equality predicates, the optimizer used the indexes. Again, the consistent gets and physical reads are identical.
Consequently, you can conclude that for a normal-cardinality column, the optimizer decisions for the two types of indexes were the same and there were no significant differences between the I/Os.
Step 6 (add a GENDER column)
Before performing the test on a low-cardinality column, let's add a GENDER column to this table and update it with M, F, and null values.
SQL> alter table test_normal add GENDER varchar2(1);
Table altered.
SQL> select GENDER, count(*) from test_normal group by GENDER;
S COUNT(*)
- ----------
F 339920
M 360079
300001
3 rows selected.
The size of the bitmap index on this column is around 570KB, as indicated in the table below:
SQL> create bitmap index normal_GENDER_bmx on test_normal(GENDER);
Index created.
Elapsed: 00:00:02.08
SQL> select substr(segment_name,1,30) segment_name, bytes/1024/1024 "Size in MB"
2 from user_segments
3 where segment_name in ('TEST_NORMAL','NORMAL_GENDER_BMX');
SEGMENT_NAME Size in MB
------------------------------ ---------------
TEST_NORMAL 50
NORMAL_GENDER_BMX .5625
2 rows selected.
SQL> select * from test_normal where GENDER ='M';
360079 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4115571900
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 10000 | 253K| 1092 (0)| 00:00:14 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | TEST_NORMAL | 10000 | 253K| 1092 (0)| 00:00:14 |
| 2 | BITMAP CONVERSION TO ROWIDS| | | | | |
|* 3 | BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE | NORMAL_GENDER_BMX | | | | |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
3 - access("GENDER"='M')
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
26114 consistent gets
2249 physical reads
0 redo size
20037706 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
264474 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
24007 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
360079 rows processed
In contrast, the B-tree index on this column is 13MB in size, which is much bigger than the bitmap index on this column
SQL> create index normal_GENDER_idx on test_normal(GENDER);
Index created.
SQL> select substr(segment_name,1,30) segment_name, bytes/1024/1024 "Size in MB"
2 from user_segments
3 where segment_name in ('TEST_NORMAL','NORMAL_GENDER_IDX');
SEGMENT_NAME Size in MB
------------------------------ ---------------
TEST_NORMAL 50
NORMAL_GENDER_IDX 13
2 rows selected.
Now, if we execute a query with equality predicates, the optimizer will not make use of this index, be it a bitmap or a B-tree. Rather, it will prefer a full table scan.
SQL> select * from test_normal where GENDER ='F';
339920 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 512490529
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 339K| 8298K| 1715 (1)| 00:00:21 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST_NORMAL | 339K| 8298K| 1715 (1)| 00:00:21 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("GENDER"='F')
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
28764 consistent gets
6235 physical reads
0 redo size
18157885 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
249690 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
22663 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
339920 rows processed
Bitmap Index Operation
With a bitmap index on the GENDER column in place, create another bitmap index on the SAL column and then execute some queries. The queries will be re-executed with B-tree indexes on these columns.
From the TEST_NORMAL table, you need the employee number of all the male employees whose monthly salaries equal any of the following values:
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
This is a typical data warehouse query, which, of course, you should never execute on an OLTP system. Here are the results with the bitmap index in place on both columns
SQL> select * from test_normal
2 where sal in (1000,1500,2000,2500,3000,3500,4000,4500,5000) and GENDER='M';
525 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3746873205
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 540 | 13500 | 126 (0)| 00:00:02 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | TEST_NORMAL | 540 | 13500 | 126 (0)| 00:00:02 |
| 2 | BITMAP CONVERSION TO ROWIDS | | | | | |
| 3 | BITMAP AND | | | | | |
| 4 | BITMAP OR | | | | | |
|* 5 | BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE| NORMAL_SAL_BMX | | | | |
|* 6 | BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE| NORMAL_SAL_BMX | | | | |
|* 7 | BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE| NORMAL_SAL_BMX | | | | |
|* 8 | BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE| NORMAL_SAL_BMX | | | | |
|* 9 | BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE| NORMAL_SAL_BMX | | | | |
|* 10 | BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE| NORMAL_SAL_BMX | | | | |
|* 11 | BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE| NORMAL_SAL_BMX | | | | |
|* 12 | BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE| NORMAL_SAL_BMX | | | | |
|* 13 | BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE| NORMAL_SAL_BMX | | | | |
|* 14 | BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE | NORMAL_GENDER_BMX | | | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
5 - access("SAL"=1000)
6 - access("SAL"=1500)
7 - access("SAL"=2000)
8 - access("SAL"=2500)
9 - access("SAL"=3000)
10 - access("SAL"=3500)
11 - access("SAL"=4000)
12 - access("SAL"=4500)
13 - access("SAL"=5000)
14 - access("GENDER"='M')
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
1 recursive calls
0 db block gets
491 consistent gets
479 physical reads
0 redo size
29191 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
793 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
36 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
525 rows processed
And with the B-tree index in place
SQL> select * from test_normal
where sal in (1000,1500,2000,2500,3000,3500,4000,4500,5000) and GENDER='M';
525 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3412228270
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 540 | 13500 | 794 (1)| 00:00:10 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | TEST_NORMAL | 540 | 13500 | 794 (1)| 00:00:10 |
| 2 | BITMAP CONVERSION TO ROWIDS | | | | | |
| 3 | BITMAP AND | | | | | |
| 4 | BITMAP OR | | | | | |
| 5 | BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS| | | | | |
|* 6 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | NORMAL_SAL_IDX | 1500 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 7 | BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS| | | | | |
|* 8 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | NORMAL_SAL_IDX | 1500 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 9 | BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS| | | | | |
|* 10 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | NORMAL_SAL_IDX | 1500 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 11 | BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS| | | | | |
|* 12 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | NORMAL_SAL_IDX | 1500 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 13 | BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS| | | | | |
|* 14 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | NORMAL_SAL_IDX | 1500 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 15 | BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS| | | | | |
|* 16 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | NORMAL_SAL_IDX | 1500 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 17 | BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS| | | | | |
|* 18 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | NORMAL_SAL_IDX | 1500 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 19 | BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS| | | | | |
|* 20 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | NORMAL_SAL_IDX | 1500 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 21 | BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS| | | | | |
|* 22 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | NORMAL_SAL_IDX | 1500 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 23 | BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS | | | | | |
|* 24 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | NORMAL_GENDER_IDX | 1500 | | 657 (1)| 00:00:08 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
6 - access("SAL"=1000)
8 - access("SAL"=1500)
10 - access("SAL"=2000)
12 - access("SAL"=2500)
14 - access("SAL"=3000)
16 - access("SAL"=3500)
18 - access("SAL"=4000)
20 - access("SAL"=4500)
22 - access("SAL"=5000)
24 - access("GENDER"='M')
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
1147 consistent gets
1129 physical reads
0 redo size
29191 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
793 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
36 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
525 rows processed
As you can see here, with the B-tree index, the optimizer opted for BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS operation, even you don't have any bitmap index on this table . This's usually cauesd by create an index on a low distiinct value column. CBO would transform this index access to bitmap before fecth data , as it consider it's lower cost.
Conclusion
In summary, bitmap indexes are best suited for DSS regardless of cardinality for these reasons:
- With bitmap indexes, the optimizer can efficiently answer queries that include AND, OR, or XOR. (Oracle supports dynamic B-tree-to-bitmap conversion, but it can be inefficient, as aboved)
- With bitmaps, the optimizer can answer queries when searching or counting for nulls. Null values are also indexed in bitmap indexes (unlike B-tree indexes).
- Most important, bitmap indexes in DSS systems support ad hoc queries, whereas B-tree indexes do not. More specifically, if you have a table with 50 columns and users frequently query on 10 of them either the combination of all 10 columns or sometimes a single columncreating a B-tree index will be very difficult. If you create 10 bitmap indexes on all these columns, all the queries can be answered by these indexes, whether they are queries on all 10 columns, on 4 or 6 columns out of the 10, or on a single column. The AND_EQUAL hint provides this functionality for B-tree indexes, but no more than five indexes can be used by a query. This limit is not imposed with bitmap indexes.
In contrast, B-tree indexes are well suited for OLTP applications in which users' queries are relatively routine (and well tuned before deployment in production), as opposed to ad hoc queries, which are much less frequent and executed during nonpeak business hours. Because data is frequently updated in and deleted from OLTP applications, bitmap indexes can cause a serious locking problem in these situations.
The data here is fairly clear. Both indexes have a similar purpose: to return results as fast as possible. But your choice of which one to use should depend purely on the type of application, not on the level of cardinality.
参考至:http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/sharma-indexes-093638.html
http://www.xifenfei.com/1531.html
