六个优雅的 Linux 命令行技巧

一些非常有用的命令能让命令行的生活更满足

使用 Linux 命令工作可以获得许多乐趣，但是如果您使用一些命令，它们可以减少您的工作或以有趣的方式显示信息时，您将获得更多的乐趣。在今天的文章中，我们将介绍六个命令，它们可能会使你用在命令行上的时间更加值当。

watch

​​watch​​​​watch who​​ 命令或者 ​​watch -n 15 who​​

​

$ watch - n 5 who Every 5.0s : who stinkbug : Wed Aug 23 14 : 52 : 15 2017 shs pts / 0 2017 - 08 - 23 14 : 45 ( 192.168.0.11 ) zoe pts / 1 2017 - 08 - 23 08 : 15 ( 192.168.0.19 )

您也可以使用它来查看日志文件。如果您显示的数据没有任何变化，则只有窗口角落里的日期和时间会发生变化。

$ watch tail / var / log / syslog Every 2.0s : tail / var / log / syslog stinkbug : Wed Aug 23 15 : 16 : 37 2017 Aug 23 14 : 45 : 01 stinkbug CRON [ 7214 ] : ( root ) CMD ( command - v debian - sa1 > / dev / nu ll && debian - sa1 1 1 ) Aug 23 14 : 45 : 17 stinkbug systemd [ 1 ] : Started Session 179 of user shs . Aug 23 14 : 55 : 01 stinkbug CRON [ 7577 ] : ( root ) CMD ( command - v debian - sa1 > / dev / nu ll && debian - sa1 1 1 ) Aug 23 15 : 05 : 01 stinkbug CRON [ 7582 ] : ( root ) CMD ( command - v debian - sa1 > / dev / nu ll && debian - sa1 1 1 ) Aug 23 15 : 08 : 48 stinkbug systemd [ 1 ] : Starting Cleanup of Temporary Directories . . . Aug 23 15 : 08 : 48 stinkbug systemd - tmpfiles [ 7584 ] : [ / usr / lib / tmpfiles . d / var . conf : 1 4 ] Duplicate line for path "/var/log" , ignoring . Aug 23 15 : 08 : 48 stinkbug systemd [ 1 ] : Started Cleanup of Temporary Directories . Aug 23 15 : 13 : 41 stinkbug systemd [ 1 ] : Started Session 182 of user shs . Aug 23 15 : 14 : 29 stinkbug systemd [ 1 ] : Started Session 183 of user shs . Aug 23 15 : 15 : 01 stinkbug CRON [ 7828 ] : ( root ) CMD ( command - v debian - sa1 > / dev / nu ll && debian - sa1 1 1 )

​​tail -f /var/log/syslog​​

look

​​look​​ 可能会让我们以为它和 ​​watch​​ 做类似的事情，但其实是不同的。​​look​​命令用于搜索以某个特定字符串开头的单词。

$ look ecl eclectic eclectic 's eclectically eclecticism eclecticism' s eclectics eclipse eclipse 's eclipsed eclipses eclipsing ecliptic ecliptic' s

​​look​​ 命令通常有助于单词的拼写，它使用 ​​/usr/share/dict/words​​

$ look esac . bashrc esac esac esac

​​awk​​ 命令后面的 ​​grep​​

man -k

​​man -k​​ 命令列出包含指定单词的手册页。它的工作基本上和 ​​apropos​​

$ man - k logrotate dh_installlogrotate ( 1 ) - install logrotate config files logrotate ( 8 ) - rotates , compresses , and mails system logs logrotate . conf ( 5 ) - rotates , compresses , and mails system logs

help

当你完全绝望的时候，您可能会试图使用此命令，​​help​​

$ help GNU bash , version 4.4.7 ( 1 ) - release ( i686 - pc - linux - gnu ) These shell commands are defined internally . Type ` help ' to see this list. Type `help name' to find out more about the function ` name '. Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general . Use ` man - k ' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list . A star ( * ) next to a name means that the command is disabled . job _spec [ & ] history [ - c ] [ - d offset ] [ n ] or hist > ( ( expression ) ) if COMMANDS ; then COMMANDS ; [ elif C > . filename [ arguments ] jobs [ - lnprs ] [ jobspec . . . ] or jobs > : kill [ - s sigspec | - n signum | - sigs > [ arg . . . ] let arg [ arg . . . ] [ [ expression ] ] local [ option ] name [ = value ] . . . alias [ - p ] [ name [ = value ] . . . ] logout [ n ] bg [ job _spec . . . ] mapfile [ - d delim ] [ - n count ] [ - O or > bind [ - lpsvPSVX ] [ - m keymap ] [ - f file > popd [ - n ] [ + N | - N ] break [ n ] printf [ - v var ] format [ arguments ] builtin [ shell - builtin [ arg . . . ] ] pushd [ - n ] [ + N | - N | dir ] caller [ expr ] pwd [ - LP ] case WORD in [ PATTERN [ | PATTERN ] . . . ) > read [ - ers ] [ - a array ] [ - d delim ] [ -> cd [ - L | [ - P [ - e ] ] [ - @ ] ] [ dir ] readarray [ - n count ] [ - O origin ] [ - s > command [ - pVv ] command [ arg . . . ] readonly [ - aAf ] [ name [ = value ] . . . ] o > compgen [ - abcdefgjksuv ] [ - o option ] [ > return [ n ] complete [ - abcdefgjksuv ] [ - pr ] [ - DE ] > select NAME [ in WORDS . . . ; ] do COMM > compopt [ - o | + o option ] [ - DE ] [ name . . > set [ - abefhkmnptuvxBCHP ] [ - o option -> continue [ n ] shift [ n ] coproc [ NAME ] command [ redirections ] shopt [ - pqsu ] [ - o ] [ optname . . . ] declare [ - aAfFgilnrtux ] [ - p ] [ name [ = v > source filename [ arguments ] dirs [ - clpv ] [ + N ] [ - N ] suspend [ - f ] disown [ - h ] [ - ar ] [ jobspec . . . | pid > test [ expr ] echo [ - neE ] [ arg . . . ] time [ - p ] pipeline enable [ - a ] [ - dnps ] [ - f filename ] [ na > times eval [ arg . . . ] trap [ - lp ] [ [ arg ] signal _spec . . . ] exec [ - cl ] [ - a name ] [ command [ argume > true exit [ n ] type [ - afptP ] name [ name . . . ] export [ - fn ] [ name [ = value ] . . . ] or ex > typeset [ - aAfFgilnrtux ] [ - p ] name [ = v > false ulimit [ - SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT ] [ l > fc [ - e ename ] [ - lnr ] [ first ] [ last ] o > umask [ - p ] [ - S ] [ mode ] fg [ job_spec ] unalias [ - a ] name [ name . . . ] for NAME [ in WORDS . . . ] ; do COMMAND > unset [ - f ] [ - v ] [ - n ] [ name . . . ] for ( ( exp1 ; exp2 ; exp3 ) ) ; do COMMAN > until COMMANDS ; do COMMANDS ; done function name { COMMANDS ; } or name > variables - Names and meanings of so > getopts optstring name [ arg ] wait [ - n ] [ id . . . ] hash [ - lr ] [ - p pathname ] [ - dt ] [ name > while COMMANDS ; do COMMANDS ; done help [ - dms ] [ pattern . . . ] { COMMANDS ; }

stat -c

​​stat​​ 命令用于显示文件的大小、所有者、用户组、索引节点号、权限、修改和访问时间等重要的统计信息。这是一个非常有用的命令，可以显示比 ​​ls -l​​

$ stat . bashrc File : . bashrc Size : 4048 Blocks : 8 IO Block : 4096 regular file Device : 806h / 2054d Inode : 421481 Links : 1 Access : ( 0644 / - rw - r -- r -- ) Uid : ( 1000 / shs ) Gid : ( 1000 / shs ) Access : 2017 - 08 - 23 15 : 13 : 41.781809933 - 0400 Modify : 2017 - 06 - 21 17 : 37 : 11.875157790 - 0400 Change : 2017 - 06 - 21 17 : 37 : 11.899157791 - 0400 Birth : -

使用 ​​-c​​

$ stat - c '%n %a' . bashrc . bashrc 644

​​%n​​ 表示每个文件的名称，而 ​​%a​​ 表示访问权限。​​%u​​ 表示数字类型的 UID，而 ​​%U​​表示用户名。

$ stat - c '%n %a' bin / * bin / loop 700 bin / move2nohup 700 bin / nohup . out 600 bin / show _release 700 $ stat - c '%n %a %U' bin / * bin / loop 700 shs bin / move2nohup 700 shs bin / nohup . out 600 root bin / show _release 700 shs

TAB

如果你没有使用过 tab 键来补全文件名，你真的错过了一个非常有用的命令行技巧。tab 键提供文件名补全功能（包括使用 ​​cd​​ 时的目录）。它在出现歧义之前尽可能多的填充文件名（多个文件以相同的字母开头。如果您有一个名为 ​​bigplans​​ 的文件，另一个名为 ​​bigplans2017​​的文件会发生歧义，你将听到一个声音，然后需要决定是按下回车键还是输入 ​​2​​

一些非常有用的命令能让命令行的生活更满足

使用 Linux 命令工作可以获得许多乐趣，但是如果您使用一些命令，它们可以减少您的工作或以有趣的方式显示信息时，您将获得更多的乐趣。在今天的文章中，我们将介绍六个命令，它们可能会使你用在命令行上的时间更加值当。

watch

​​watch​​您可能会在等待某人登录时使用它。在这种情况下，您可以使用 ​​watch who​​ 命令或者 ​​watch -n 15 who​​

$ watch - n 5 who Every 5.0s : who stinkbug : Wed Aug 23 14 : 52 : 15 2017 shs pts / 0 2017 - 08 - 23 14 : 45 ( 192.168.0.11 ) zoe pts / 1 2017 - 08 - 23 08 : 15 ( 192.168.0.19 )

您也可以使用它来查看日志文件。如果您显示的数据没有任何变化，则只有窗口角落里的日期和时间会发生变化。

$ watch tail / var / log / syslog Every 2.0s : tail / var / log / syslog stinkbug : Wed Aug 23 15 : 16 : 37 2017 Aug 23 14 : 45 : 01 stinkbug CRON [ 7214 ] : ( root ) CMD ( command - v debian - sa1 > / dev / nu ll && debian - sa1 1 1 ) Aug 23 14 : 45 : 17 stinkbug systemd [ 1 ] : Started Session 179 of user shs . Aug 23 14 : 55 : 01 stinkbug CRON [ 7577 ] : ( root ) CMD ( command - v debian - sa1 > / dev / nu ll && debian - sa1 1 1 ) Aug 23 15 : 05 : 01 stinkbug CRON [ 7582 ] : ( root ) CMD ( command - v debian - sa1 > / dev / nu ll && debian - sa1 1 1 ) Aug 23 15 : 08 : 48 stinkbug systemd [ 1 ] : Starting Cleanup of Temporary Directories . . . Aug 23 15 : 08 : 48 stinkbug systemd - tmpfiles [ 7584 ] : [ / usr / lib / tmpfiles . d / var . conf : 1 4 ] Duplicate line for path "/var/log" , ignoring . Aug 23 15 : 08 : 48 stinkbug systemd [ 1 ] : Started Cleanup of Temporary Directories . Aug 23 15 : 13 : 41 stinkbug systemd [ 1 ] : Started Session 182 of user shs . Aug 23 15 : 14 : 29 stinkbug systemd [ 1 ] : Started Session 183 of user shs . Aug 23 15 : 15 : 01 stinkbug CRON [ 7828 ] : ( root ) CMD ( command - v debian - sa1 > / dev / nu ll && debian - sa1 1 1 )

这里的输出和使用命令 ​​tail -f /var/log/syslog​​

look

这个命令的名字 ​​look​​ 可能会让我们以为它和 ​​watch​​ 做类似的事情，但其实是不同的。​​look​​命令用于搜索以某个特定字符串开头的单词。

$ look ecl eclectic eclectic 's eclectically eclecticism eclecticism' s eclectics eclipse eclipse 's eclipsed eclipses eclipsing ecliptic ecliptic' s

​​look​​ 命令通常有助于单词的拼写，它使用 ​​/usr/share/dict/words​​

$ look esac . bashrc esac esac esac

在这种情况下，它的作用就像跟在一个 ​​awk​​ 命令后面的 ​​grep​​

man -k

​​man -k​​ 命令列出包含指定单词的手册页。它的工作基本上和 ​​apropos​​

$ man - k logrotate dh_installlogrotate ( 1 ) - install logrotate config files logrotate ( 8 ) - rotates , compresses , and mails system logs logrotate . conf ( 5 ) - rotates , compresses , and mails system logs

help

​​help​​

$ help GNU bash , version 4.4.7 ( 1 ) - release ( i686 - pc - linux - gnu ) These shell commands are defined internally . Type ` help ' to see this list. Type `help name' to find out more about the function ` name '. Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general . Use ` man - k ' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list . A star ( * ) next to a name means that the command is disabled . job _spec [ & ] history [ - c ] [ - d offset ] [ n ] or hist > ( ( expression ) ) if COMMANDS ; then COMMANDS ; [ elif C > . filename [ arguments ] jobs [ - lnprs ] [ jobspec . . . ] or jobs > : kill [ - s sigspec | - n signum | - sigs > [ arg . . . ] let arg [ arg . . . ] [ [ expression ] ] local [ option ] name [ = value ] . . . alias [ - p ] [ name [ = value ] . . . ] logout [ n ] bg [ job _spec . . . ] mapfile [ - d delim ] [ - n count ] [ - O or > bind [ - lpsvPSVX ] [ - m keymap ] [ - f file > popd [ - n ] [ + N | - N ] break [ n ] printf [ - v var ] format [ arguments ] builtin [ shell - builtin [ arg . . . ] ] pushd [ - n ] [ + N | - N | dir ] caller [ expr ] pwd [ - LP ] case WORD in [ PATTERN [ | PATTERN ] . . . ) > read [ - ers ] [ - a array ] [ - d delim ] [ -> cd [ - L | [ - P [ - e ] ] [ - @ ] ] [ dir ] readarray [ - n count ] [ - O origin ] [ - s > command [ - pVv ] command [ arg . . . ] readonly [ - aAf ] [ name [ = value ] . . . ] o > compgen [ - abcdefgjksuv ] [ - o option ] [ > return [ n ] complete [ - abcdefgjksuv ] [ - pr ] [ - DE ] > select NAME [ in WORDS . . . ; ] do COMM > compopt [ - o | + o option ] [ - DE ] [ name . . > set [ - abefhkmnptuvxBCHP ] [ - o option -> continue [ n ] shift [ n ] coproc [ NAME ] command [ redirections ] shopt [ - pqsu ] [ - o ] [ optname . . . ] declare [ - aAfFgilnrtux ] [ - p ] [ name [ = v > source filename [ arguments ] dirs [ - clpv ] [ + N ] [ - N ] suspend [ - f ] disown [ - h ] [ - ar ] [ jobspec . . . | pid > test [ expr ] echo [ - neE ] [ arg . . . ] time [ - p ] pipeline enable [ - a ] [ - dnps ] [ - f filename ] [ na > times eval [ arg . . . ] trap [ - lp ] [ [ arg ] signal _spec . . . ] exec [ - cl ] [ - a name ] [ command [ argume > true exit [ n ] type [ - afptP ] name [ name . . . ] export [ - fn ] [ name [ = value ] . . . ] or ex > typeset [ - aAfFgilnrtux ] [ - p ] name [ = v > false ulimit [ - SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT ] [ l > fc [ - e ename ] [ - lnr ] [ first ] [ last ] o > umask [ - p ] [ - S ] [ mode ] fg [ job_spec ] unalias [ - a ] name [ name . . . ] for NAME [ in WORDS . . . ] ; do COMMAND > unset [ - f ] [ - v ] [ - n ] [ name . . . ] for ( ( exp1 ; exp2 ; exp3 ) ) ; do COMMAN > until COMMANDS ; do COMMANDS ; done function name { COMMANDS ; } or name > variables - Names and meanings of so > getopts optstring name [ arg ] wait [ - n ] [ id . . . ] hash [ - lr ] [ - p pathname ] [ - dt ] [ name > while COMMANDS ; do COMMANDS ; done help [ - dms ] [ pattern . . . ] { COMMANDS ; }

stat -c

​​stat​​ 命令用于显示文件的大小、所有者、用户组、索引节点号、权限、修改和访问时间等重要的统计信息。这是一个非常有用的命令，可以显示比 ​​ls -l​​

$ stat . bashrc File : . bashrc Size : 4048 Blocks : 8 IO Block : 4096 regular file Device : 806h / 2054d Inode : 421481 Links : 1 Access : ( 0644 / - rw - r -- r -- ) Uid : ( 1000 / shs ) Gid : ( 1000 / shs ) Access : 2017 - 08 - 23 15 : 13 : 41.781809933 - 0400 Modify : 2017 - 06 - 21 17 : 37 : 11.875157790 - 0400 Change : 2017 - 06 - 21 17 : 37 : 11.899157791 - 0400 Birth : -

​​-c​​

$ stat - c '%n %a' . bashrc . bashrc 644

在此命令中， ​​%n​​ 表示每个文件的名称，而 ​​%a​​ 表示访问权限。​​%u​​ 表示数字类型的 UID，而 ​​%U​​表示用户名。

$ stat - c '%n %a' bin / * bin / loop 700 bin / move2nohup 700 bin / nohup . out 600 bin / show _release 700 $ stat - c '%n %a %U' bin / * bin / loop 700 shs bin / move2nohup 700 shs bin / nohup . out 600 root bin / show _release 700 shs

TAB

​​cd​​ 时的目录）。它在出现歧义之前尽可能多的填充文件名（多个文件以相同的字母开头。如果您有一个名为 ​​bigplans​​ 的文件，另一个名为 ​​bigplans2017​​的文件会发生歧义，你将听到一个声音，然后需要决定是按下回车键还是输入 ​​2​​