目录
0 概述
1 市场原理
0 概述
1 市场原理
1.1 基本概念
Fundamentals of markets
Market/市场
A place where buyers and sellers meet to see ifdeals can be made
市场是买者和卖者聚集在一起互相交易并决定商品价格和产量的机制Modeling the consumers/消费者模型
Modeling the producers/生产者模型
Market equilibrium/市场均衡
(1)市场的运作
(2)计划经济的结果
计划经济可能降低经济效率
(3)税收的影响
税收将减小社会福利
(4)垄断的结果
扰乱市场的资源配置
1.2 消费者模型
(1)Modeling the consumers/个人需求
(2)Surplus/剩余
Gross consumer's surplus/总消费者剩余
The total value that you attach to the goods/消费者认同的商品总价值
net consumer's surplus (consumer's surplus)/净消费者剩余(消费者剩余)
The difference between the gross consumer's surplus and the expense of purchasing the goods
(3)Demand and inverse demandfunctions/需求与反需求函数
(4)Elasticity of demand/需求弹性
1.3 生产者模型
(1)供应函数与反供应函数
(2)Producers'revenue/生产者收入
(3)Elasticity of supply /供应弹性
1.4 市场均衡
(1)前提假设
(2)Global welfare /总体福利
Global welfare = net consumers'surplus +producers' profit /
总体福利一消费者剩余+生产者利润
.The global welfare is maximum when a competitivemarket is allowed to operate freely and the pricesettles at the intersection of the supply and demandcurves /在自由竞争市场中,当价格处于供应曲线与需求曲线的交点位置时,总体福利达到最大值
(3)Global welfare and deadweightloss/总体福利与无谓损失
2 企业理论基本概念
2.1 投入与产出
Assumption
· A firm produces a quantity of a single goodProduction function /生产函数
· Reflects the technology used by the firm in theproduction of the good/反映企业在生产商品过程中所使用的技术手段
2.2 边际产量递减规律
2.3 长期和短期
Long run
A period of time sufficiently long as to allow allfactors of productions to be adjusted/允许所有的要素都可以得到调整的足够长的时间
Short run
In the short run, some of the factors of productionare fixed /短期内某些生产要素会固定不变
2.4 短期成本函数
2.5 边际成本函数
2.6 短期决策
2.7 长期成本函数
2.8 成本
Fixed cost/固定成本
Variable cost /变动成本
Quasi-fixed cost/类固定成本Sunk cost/沉没成本
Recoverable cost /可回收成本
3 市场类型
Spot market /现货市场
Forward market /远期市场
Futures market /期货市场
Options /期权
Contract for difference /差价合同