1.模拟环境​ 

alter system set sga_target=10000000M scope=spfile;
shutdown immediate
startup

2.解决方法： 

sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL> shutdown immediate
SQL> create spfile from pfile='/tmp/initorcl.ora';

File created.

SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 2516582400 bytes
Fixed Size                  8623832 bytes
Variable Size            1459620136 bytes
Database Buffers         1040187392 bytes
Redo Buffers                8151040 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.

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Linux,oracle