用Python采集【去哪了】旅游景点攻略，可视化分析旅游出行数据

知识点

• requests 发送网络请求
• parsel 解析数据
• csv 保存数据

第三方库

• requests >>> pip install requests
• parsel >>> pip install parsel

开发环境：

• 版 本： python 3.8
• 编辑器：pycharm 2021.2

爬虫程序

导入模块

# 发送网络请求的模块
import requests
# 解析数据的模块
import parsel
import csv
import time
import random

发送请求

url = f'https://travel.qunar.com/travelbook/list.htm?page=1&order=hot_heat'
# <Response [200]>: 告诉我们 请求成功了
response = requests.get(url)

获取数据（网页源代码）

html_data = response.text

解析网页（re正则表达式，css选择器，xpath，bs4/六年没更新了，json）

# html_data: 字符串
# 我们现在要把这个字符串 变成一个对象
selector = parsel.Selector(html_data)
# ::attr(href) url_list:列表
url_list = selector.css('.b_strategy_list li h2 a::attr(href)').getall()
for detail_url in url_list:
    # 字符串的 替换方法
    detail_id = detail_url.replace('/youji/', '')
    url_1 = 'https://travel.qunar.com/travelbook/note/' + detail_id
    print(url_1)

向详情页网站发送请求（get，post）

# https://travel.qunar.com/travelbook/note/7701502
response_1 = requests.get(url_1).text

解析网页

selector_1 = parsel.Selector(response_1)
# :nth-child(): 伪类选择器
# ::text 提取文本内容
# * 代表所有
# 地点
title = selector_1.css('.b_crumb_cont *:nth-child(3)::text').get().replace('旅游攻略', '')
# 短评
comment = selector_1.css('.title.white::text').get()
# 出发日期
date = selector_1.css('#js_mainleft > div.b_foreword > ul > li.f_item.when > p > span.data::text').get()
# 天数
days = selector_1.css('#js_mainleft > div.b_foreword > ul > li.f_item.howlong > p > span.data::text').get()
# 人均消费
money = selector_1.css('#js_mainleft > div.b_foreword > ul > li.f_item.howmuch > p > span.data::text').get()
# 人物
character = selector_1.css('#js_mainleft > div.b_foreword > ul > li.f_item.who > p > span.data::text').get()
# 玩法
play_list = selector_1.css('#js_mainleft > div.b_foreword > ul > li.f_item.how > p > span.data span::text').getall()
play = ' '.join(play_list)
# 浏览量
count = selector_1.css('.view_count::text').get()
print(title, comment, date, days, money, character, play, count)

保存数据

# 保存成csv
csv_qne = open('去哪儿.csv', mode='a', encoding='utf-8', newline='')
csv_writer = csv.writer(csv_qne)
# 写入数据
csv_writer.writerow(['地点', '短评', '出发时间', '天数', '人均消费', '人物', '玩法', '浏览量'])

数据可视化

导入模块

import pandas as pd
from pyecharts.commons.utils import JsCode
from pyecharts.charts import *
from pyecharts import options as opts

导入数据

data = pd.read_csv('去哪儿_数分.csv')
data

旅游胜地Top10及对应费用

bar=(
    Bar(init_opts=opts.InitOpts(height='500px',width='1000px',theme='dark'))
    .add_xaxis(m2)
    .add_yaxis(
        '目的地Top10',
        n2,
        label_opts=opts.LabelOpts(is_show=True,position='top'),
        itemstyle_opts=opts.ItemStyleOpts(
            color=JsCode("""new echarts.graphic.LinearGradient(
            0, 0, 0, 1,[{offset: 0,color: 'rgb(255,99,71)'}, {offset: 1,color: 'rgb(32,178,170)'}])
            """
            )
        )
    )
    .set_global_opts(
        title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(
            title='目的地Top10'),
            xaxis_opts=opts.AxisOpts(name='景点名称',
            type_='category',                                           
            axislabel_opts=opts.LabelOpts(rotate=90),
        ),
        yaxis_opts=opts.AxisOpts(
            name='数量',
            min_=0,
            max_=120.0,
            splitline_opts=opts.SplitLineOpts(is_show=True,linestyle_opts=opts.LineStyleOpts(type_='dash'))
        ),
        tooltip_opts=opts.TooltipOpts(trigger='axis',axis_pointer_type='cross')
    )

    .set_series_opts(
        markline_opts=opts.MarkLineOpts(
            data=[
                opts.MarkLineItem(type_='average',name='均值'),
                opts.MarkLineItem(type_='max',name='最大值'),
                opts.MarkLineItem(type_='min',name='最小值'),
            ]
        )
    )
)
bar.render_notebook()

bar=(
    Bar(init_opts=opts.InitOpts(height='500px',width='1000px',theme='dark'))
    .add_xaxis(loc)
    .add_yaxis(
        '人均费用',
        price_mean2,
        label_opts=opts.LabelOpts(is_show=True,position='top'),
        itemstyle_opts=opts.ItemStyleOpts(
            color=JsCode("""new echarts.graphic.LinearGradient(
            0, 0, 0, 1,[{offset: 0,color: 'rgb(255,99,71)'}, {offset: 1,color: 'rgb(32,178,170)'}])
            """
            )
        )
    )
    .set_global_opts(
        title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(
            title='各景点人均费用'),
            xaxis_opts=opts.AxisOpts(name='景点名称',
            type_='category',                                           
            axislabel_opts=opts.LabelOpts(rotate=90),
        ),
        yaxis_opts=opts.AxisOpts(
            name='数量',
            min_=0,
            max_=2000.0,
            splitline_opts=opts.SplitLineOpts(is_show=True,linestyle_opts=opts.LineStyleOpts(type_='dash'))
        ),
        tooltip_opts=opts.TooltipOpts(trigger='axis',axis_pointer_type='cross')
    )

    .set_series_opts(
        markline_opts=opts.MarkLineOpts(
            data=[
                opts.MarkLineItem(type_='average',name='均值'),
                opts.MarkLineItem(type_='max',name='最大值'),
                opts.MarkLineItem(type_='min',name='最小值'),
            ]
        )
    )
)
bar.render_notebook()

出游方式分析

pie = (Pie(init_opts=opts.InitOpts(theme='dark', width='1000px', height='800px'))
       .add("", [z for z in zip(m1,n1)],
            radius=["40%", "65%"])
       .set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="去哪儿\n\n出游结伴方式", pos_left='center', pos_top='center',
                                               title_textstyle_opts=opts.TextStyleOpts(
                                                   color='#FF6A6A', font_size=30, font_weight='bold'),
                                               ),
                        visualmap_opts=opts.VisualMapOpts(is_show=False, 
                                          min_=38,
                                          max_=641,
                                          is_piecewise=False,
                                          dimension=0,
                                          range_color=['#9400D3', '#008afb', '#ffec4a', '#FFA500','#ce5777']),
                        legend_opts=opts.LegendOpts(is_show=False, pos_top='5%'),
                        )
       .set_series_opts(label_opts=opts.LabelOpts(formatter="{b}: {c}", font_size=12),
                        tooltip_opts=opts.TooltipOpts(trigger="item", formatter="{b}: {c}"),
                        itemstyle_opts={"normal": {
                                                    "barBorderRadius": [30, 30, 30, 30],
                                                    'shadowBlur': 10,
                                                    'shadowColor': 'rgba(0,191,255,0.5)',
                                                    'shadowOffsetY': 1,
                                                    'opacity': 0.8
                                                }
                                       })
        
                        )
pie.render_notebook()

出游时间分析

line = (
    Line()
    .add_xaxis(m4.tolist())
    .add_yaxis('',n4.tolist())
)
line.render_notebook()

2021年的旅游时间曲线大约在五月一号起伏最大，原因肯定是因为假期调休延长至4天，为了调整自己生活及工作的状态，很多人利用这个假期去旅行放松自己。

出游玩法分析

m5 = []
n5 = []
for i in range(20):
    m5.append(list[i][0])
    n5.append(list[i][1])
m5.reverse()
m6 = m5
n5.reverse()
n6 = n5

bar = (
    Bar(init_opts=opts.InitOpts(theme='dark', width='1000px',height ='500px'))
    .add_xaxis(m6)
    .add_yaxis('', n6)
    .set_series_opts(label_opts=opts.LabelOpts(is_show=True, 
                                                       position='insideRight',
                                                       font_style='italic'),
                            itemstyle_opts=opts.ItemStyleOpts(
                                color=JsCode("""new echarts.graphic.LinearGradient(1, 0, 0, 0, 
                                             [{
                                                 offset: 0,
                                                 color: 'rgb(255,99,71)'
                                             }, {
                                                 offset: 1,
                                                 color: 'rgb(32,178,170)'
                                             }])"""))
                            )
    .set_global_opts(
        title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="出游玩法分析"),
        xaxis_opts=opts.AxisOpts(axislabel_opts=opts.LabelOpts(rotate=45)),
        legend_opts=opts.LegendOpts(is_show=True))
    .reversal_axis()
)
bar.render_notebook()

“摄影”和“美食”可谓与旅行息息相关，一次完整的旅行最不能缺的就是“摄影”，拍美食发到朋友圈、拍风景发到朋友圈、拍完美的自己发到朋友圈；工作之后就没有了寒暑假，所以利用周末来一次短途旅行就成为了大多数人的首选。