本文详细介绍了eosio.system智能合约中的选举、投票、系统设置,适用于EOS智能合约的初级开发者,了解如何进行选举、投票以及系统设置。
01
概述
“eosio.system”智能合约是eos的系统命令合约。这个合约几乎实现了eos全部的系统命令,包括创建账户、资源质押、超级节点投票、域名竞拍等功能,它定义了区块链核心功能所需的结构和操作。
下文将介绍eosio.system是如何实现选举、投票以及系统设置的。
02
环境准备
(一)一条正在运行且可访问的区块链
中移链(基于EOS)测试环境搭建:
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/NBNFk9Xk9FCukMVgl0tfHA
(二)确保本地钱包已打开并解锁
如何创建钱包:
https://developers.eos.io/manuals/eos/latest/cleos/how-to-guides/how-to-create-a-wallet
(三)已完成eosio.contracts的构建和部署
如何构建eosio.contracts:
https://developers.eos.io/manuals/eosio.contracts/latest/build-and-deploy
(四)已完成token的创建、发行和转移
如何创建、发行和转移token:
03
选举
(一)节点的注册、取消
eos的超级节点选举是围绕账户进行的。账户注册为超级节点候选账户,其他账户才可以为其投票。
注册为超级节点候选账户,需要提供公钥,此公钥用于当选超级节点后,产块时验证签名。
命令基础结构:
cleos system regproducer [OPTIONS] account producer_key [url] [location]
注册节点示例:
cleos system regproducer alice EOS6u3S5RbCxVrCE2sW7yBQLZ7fftaupqB85BLDeuV9j4eTBGCKX1
取消节点:
cleos system unregprod alice EOS6u3S5RbCxVrCE2sW7yBQLZ7fftaupqB85BLDeuV9j4eTBGCKX1
取消节点后,其他账号不能再为其投票,但是之前投的票会被保留,下次创建节点仍会出现。
04
投票
(一)投票流程
1、注册节点
运行以下指令注册节点(详见前文):
cleos system regproducer alice EOS6u3S5RbCxVrCE2sW7yBQLZ7fftaupqB85BLDeuV9j4eTBGCKX1
2、抵押与取消抵押
抵押:
抵押给自己:
cleos system delegatebw ost ost "5 SYS" "5 SYS"
抵押成功返回值
executed transaction: 403f264c483947d3a5b2cd3508632d2993789467674ff458fac1b413d2f2b4ea 144 bytes 318 us
# eosio <= eosio::delegatebw {"from":"ost","receiver":"ost","stake_net_quantity":"51.0000 SYS","stake_cpu_quantity":"49.0000 SYS"...
# eosio.token <= eosio.token::transfer {"from":"ost","to":"eosio.stake","quantity":"100.0000 SYS","memo":"stake bandwidth"}
# ost <= eosio.token::transfer {"from":"ost","to":"eosio.stake","quantity":"100.0000 SYS","memo":"stake bandwidth"}
# eosio.stake <= eosio.token::transfer {"from":"ost","to":"eosio.stake","quantity":"100.0000 SYS","memo":"stake bandwidth"}
warning: transaction executed locally, but may not be confirmed by the network yet ]
抵押前转给ost 1000.0000 SYS token,查看抵押后的账户:
cleos get table eosio.token ost accounts
{
"rows": [{
"balance": "900.0000 SYS"
}
],
"more": false,
"next_key": "",
"next_key_bytes": ""
}
查看抵押信息:
cleos get table eosio ost delband
{
"rows": [{
"from": "ost",
"to": "ost",
"net_weight": "153.0000 SYS",
"cpu_weight": "147.0000 SYS"
}
],
"more": false,
"next_key": "",
"next_key_bytes": ""
}
抵押给别人:
cleos system delegatebw ost imtube "5.0000 SYS" "5.0000 SYS"
查看抵押信息:
cleos get table eosio ost delband{
{
"rows": [{
"from": "ost",
"to": "imtube",
"net_weight": "5.0000 SYS",
"cpu_weight": "5.0000 SYS"
},{
"from": "ost",
"to": "ost",
"net_weight": "153.0000 SYS",
"cpu_weight": "147.0000 SYS"
}
],
"more": false,
"next_key": "",
"next_key_bytes": ""
}
查询ost的balance为:890.0000 SYS
取消抵押:
取消抵押命令基础结构如下:
cleos system undelegatebw [OPTIONS] from receiver unstake_net_quantity unstake_cpu_quantity
此时再次查看ost的balance,显示仍为890.0000 SYS,没有将取消抵押的返回,原因是取消抵押有3天延迟,3天后再查看即可得到正常反馈。
cleos get table eosio.token ost accounts
{
"rows": [{
"balance": "890.0000 SYS"
}
],
"more": false,
"next_key": "",
"next_key_bytes": ""
}
3、投票与取消投票
投票前准备:
创建节点:
cleos system regproducer ost EOS6u3S5RbCxVrCE2sW7yBQLZ7fftaupqB85BLDeuV9j4eTBGCKX1
cleos system regproducer imtube EOS6u3S5RbCxVrCE2sW7yBQLZ7fftaupqB85BLDeuV9j4eTBGCKX1
抵押:
ost→ost 5.0000 SYS,ost→imtube 5.0000 SYS
cleos get table eosio ost delband
{
"rows": [{
"balance": "880.0000 SYS"
}
],
"more": false,
"next_key": "",
"next_key_bytes": ""
}
root@5dca586566d1:~# cleos get table eosio ost delband
{
"rows": [{
"from": "ost",
"to": "imtube",
"net_weight": "5.0000 SYS",
"cpu_weight": "5.0000 SYS"
},{
"from": "ost",
"to": "ost",
"net_weight": "158.0000 SYS",
"cpu_weight": "152.0000 SYS"
}
],
"more": false,
"next_key": "",
"next_key_bytes": ""
}
imtube→imtube
cleos system delegatebw imtube imtube "2 SYS" "2 SYS"
查看imtube抵押信息:
cleos get table eosio imtube delband
{
"rows": [{
"from": "imtube",
"to": "imtube",
"net_weight": "2.0000 SYS",
"cpu_weight": "2.0000 SYS"
}
],
"more": false,
"next_key": "",
"next_key_bytes": ""
}
imtube→bob
cleos system delegatebw imtube bob "3 SYS" "3 SYS"
节点给其他节点投票
cleos system voteproducer prods imtube ost
投票成功返回值:
executed transaction: e21875311a7445bb9714b83fde2442a09839c246868e80cd5eef58212f83c8d5 120 bytes 300 us
# eosio <= eosio::voteproducer {"voter":"imtube","proxy":"","producers":["ost"]}
warning: transaction executed locally, but may not be confirmed by the network yet ]
获取投票者信息:
cleos get table eosio eosio voters
{
"rows": [{
"owner": "eosio",
"proxy": "",
"producers": [],
"staked": 800840,
"last_vote_weight": "0.00000000000000000",
"proxied_vote_weight": "0.00000000000000000",
"is_proxy": 0,
"flags1": 0,
"reserved2": 0,
"reserved3": "0 "
},{
"owner": "imtube",
"proxy": "",
"producers": [
"ost"
],
"staked": 100000,
"last_vote_weight": "1080641469324.71191406250000000",
"proxied_vote_weight": "0.00000000000000000",
"is_proxy": 0,
"flags1": 0,
"reserved2": 0,
"reserved3": "0 "
},{
"owner": "jiscfgtizds5",
"proxy": "",
"producers": [],
"staked": 2000000,
"last_vote_weight": "0.00000000000000000",
"proxied_vote_weight": "0.00000000000000000",
"is_proxy": 0,
"flags1": 0,
"reserved2": 0,
"reserved3": "0 "
},{
"owner": "ost",
"proxy": "",
"producers": [],
"staked": 3200000,
"last_vote_weight": "0.00000000000000000",
"proxied_vote_weight": "0.00000000000000000",
"is_proxy": 0,
"flags1": 0,
"reserved2": 0,
"reserved3": "0 "
},{
"owner": "pagbbj4afmu5",
"proxy": "",
"producers": [],
"staked": 2000000,
"last_vote_weight": "0.00000000000000000",
"proxied_vote_weight": "0.00000000000000000",
"is_proxy": 0,
"flags1": 0,
"reserved2": 0,
"reserved3": "0 "
}
],
"more": false,
"next_key": "",
"next_key_bytes": ""
}
查看imtube抵押信息:
cleos get table eosio imtube delband
{
"rows": [{
"from": "imtube",
"to": "bob",
"net_weight": "3.0000 SYS",
"cpu_weight": "3.0000 SYS"
},{
"from": "imtube",
"to": "imtube",
"net_weight": "2.0000 SYS",
"cpu_weight": "2.0000 SYS"
}
],
"more": false,
"next_key": "",
"next_key_bytes": ""
}
节点给自己投票
cleos system voteproducer prods imtube imtube
投票成功返回值:
executed transaction: 65cc7f09e0b5d0bc3e263f3b770b520838c44583be1da2f6c151d57275a0b951 120 bytes 306 us
# eosio <= eosio::voteproducer {"voter":"imtube","proxy":"","producers":["imtube"]}
warning: transaction executed locally, but may not be confirmed by the network yet ]
账号给节点投票
bob抵押:
cleos system delegatebw bob bob "11 SYS" "11 SYS"
bob给ost投票:
cleos system voteproducer prods bob ost
投票数量计算公式:votingNum=(stake_net_quantity+stake_cpu_quantity)*10000;
投票给多个节点
将alice设置为节点
cleos system regproducer alice EOS6u3S5RbCxVrCE2sW7yBQLZ7fftaupqB85BLDeuV9j4eTBGCKX1
cleos system voteproducer prods为直接给超级节点投票的命令,可以指定投票账户,可以一次性投给多个超级节点候选账户,账户名需要按字母从小到大排序,最多不超过30个账户。
cleos system voteproducer prods [OPTIONS] voter producers...
4、 投票失败
以下情况会导致投票失败:
- 未创建的节点;
- 创建后又取消的节点;
- 一次投30个以上的节点,只有前30可以成功;
- 多个节点投票,没有按顺序;
5、 节点奖励
cleos system voteproducer prods [OPTIONS] voter producers...
如需发放节点奖励,必须保证per_block_payments大于0;
否则会导致报错
Error 3050003: eosio_assert_message assertion failure
Error Details:
assertion failure with message: cannot claim rewards until the chain is activated (at least 15% of all tokens participate in voting)
pending console output:
- 出块奖励只向21个超级节点发放,其中涉及到一个出块奖励池的概念,由于每个节点领取时都会增发部分EOS,所以所有未领取的出块奖励都会放在出块奖励池中等待节点领取。每次单个节点领取(claim)时,能领取到的出块奖励数量计算公式如下:单个节点可领取的数量=出块奖励池里的EOS数量*该BP未领取奖励的出块数量/所有未领取奖励的区块数量
- 得票率奖励向超级节点和备用节点发放,同出块奖励相似,所有未领取的得票率奖励都会放在得票奖励池中等待节点领取。每次单个节点领取(claim)时,能领取到的得票率奖励数量计算公式如下:单个节点可领取的数量=得票率奖励池里的EOS数量*该BP的得票权重/所有BP的总得票权重
- 领取(claim)条件节点领取奖励需满足三个条件:超级节点和备用节点才可领取;同一节点两次claim间隔时间不能少于24小时;备用节点无出块奖励,只有得票率奖励且需要在100个EOS以上,否则不算备用节点,无法领取奖励。
(二)代理投票流程
1、注册节点
cleos system regproducer ost EOS6u3S5RbCxVrCE2sW7yBQLZ7fftaupqB85BLDeuV9j4eTBGCKX1
2 、建立代理与取消代理
建立代理:
cleos system regproxy imtube
代理成功返回值:
executed transaction: 06616d46400deef7191c869cb3d96f1d35b4fec1f98adb41b32b4754e00afa77 104 bytes 243 us
# eosio <= eosio::regproxy {"proxy":"imtube","isproxy":1}
warning: transaction executed locally, but may not be confirmed by the network yet ]
取消代理:
cleos system unregproxy imtube
取消代理成功返回值:
executed transaction: 07a59f11b4f076dd57bc9356c65d9621bdbd40a4d5a48077cc7e48f650925c9a 104 bytes 268 us
# eosio <= eosio::regproxy {"proxy":"imtube","isproxy":0}
warning: transaction executed locally, but may not be confirmed by the network yet ]
3、代理投票
建立代理:
cleos system regproxy alice
抵押:
cleos system delegatebw imtube imtube "11.0000 SYS" "11.0000SYS"
委托代理:
cleos system voteproducer proxy imtube alice
委托成功返回值:
executed transaction: 667ffb20e7ec556d1760495f3f6ecfe1c315405d9ac31c2133f1523854dd8672 112 bytes 285 us
# eosio <= eosio::voteproducer {"voter":"imtube","proxy":"alice","producers":[]}
warning: transaction executed locally, but may not be confirmed by the network yet ]
代理投票:
cleos system voteproducer prods alice ost
- 通过代理进行投票,即先投票给代理,再由代理投票给生产者。
- 代理的作用就是替别人做出选择投票,本身不需要抵押。
- 在投票的时候,要先抵押,投票有两种选择,只能选择一种,两种不能同时存在。
- 若选择自己投票,则直接操作;若选择代理投票,则将票抵押给代理,由代理选择要投票的节点。
- 已经作为代理的账号,不能再设置代理投票。
05
系统设置
(一)setalimits设置账号资源限制
源码:
void system_contract::setalimits( const name& account, int64_t ram, int64_t net, int64_t cpu ) {
require_auth( get_self() );
user_resources_table userres( get_self(), account.value );
auto ritr = userres.find( account.value );
check( ritr == userres.end(), "only supports unlimited accounts" );
auto vitr = _voters.find( account.value );
if( vitr != _voters.end() ) {
bool ram_managed = has_field( vitr->flags1, voter_info::flags1_fields::ram_managed );
bool net_managed = has_field( vitr->flags1, voter_info::flags1_fields::net_managed );
bool cpu_managed = has_field( vitr->flags1, voter_info::flags1_fields::cpu_managed );
check( !(ram_managed || net_managed || cpu_managed), "cannot use setalimits on an account with managed resources" );
}
set_resource_limits( account, ram, net, cpu );
}
参数详解:
account: 要设置其资源限制的帐户的名称
ram_bytes: 账户内存总购买量(以绝对字节为单位)
net_weight: 账户带宽总抵押权重;账户带宽总抵押权重/全网总抵押权重=账户实际可使用率;对账户总抵押权重的修改也会反应到全网总抵押权重上。
cpu_weight: 账户CPU总抵押权重;与net_weight同理。
cpu_weight:账户CPU总抵押权重;与net_weight同理。
setalimits()方法调用set_resource_limits函数用来对一个用户的ram,net,cpu资源最大使用进行设置,该函数主要是在eosio.system系统合约中买卖内存,只允许合约账户本身调用,只能为已在用户资源表中的账户进行资源限制设置。
资源介绍:
EOS的资源可以分为两类:
- 一类是可以借给别人使用的资源:CPU,NET,有称为可转让资源;
- 另一类是只能够自己使用,无法借出给他人的资源:RAM,又称为不可转让资源。
注:CPU和NET在使用后可以恢复,而RAM则不同,RAM是固定资源,用完了需要重新购买。
为什么要使用setalimits()设置账号资源限制 ?
1. EOS网络中的资源总是有限的,而交易处理又是资源敏感的,因此,为避免资源滥用,保障网络的正常运行,必须对资源使用权限作出限制和管理。
2. 资源使用中需要实现一些基础的数据限制,如单笔交易最大CPU限制150ms、单个区块最大带宽限制1M等,通过写死的源码常量、或者set接口调用、或者每次交易时传参来确定;
(二)setacctram设置内存限制
源码:
void setacctram( const name& account, const std::optional<int64_t>& ram_bytes );
参数详解:
account:账户
ram_bytes:内存限制
由于RAM资源有限,在具体实现时,需要设置RAM资源限制:单个账户限制、单笔交易限制和单个区块限制三部分,此处setacctram()方法设置单个账户限制,该方法只允许合约账户本身调用。
为什么要设置RAM限制?
RAM对开发者来说十分宝贵,因为开发DApp需要占用RAM空间。此外EOS中没有地址的概念,用户如果想使用EOS,必须在EOS上创建一个账户。创建EOS账户需要消耗内存,即RAM。RAM被用来进行一些特殊的EOS链上的操作,比如:生成新的账户、竞价EOS账户名拍卖等。数据库记录需要消耗RAM,RAM是一项宝贵的资源。所以需要设置账户使用ram的大小。
(三)setram设置提供的内存大小
源码:
void system_contract::setram( uint64_t max_ram_size ) {
require_auth( get_self() );
check( _gstate.max_ram_size < max_ram_size, "ram may only be increased" ); /// decreasing ram might result market maker issues
check( max_ram_size < 1024ll*1024*1024*1024*1024, "ram size is unrealistic" );
check( max_ram_size > _gstate.total_ram_bytes_reserved, "attempt to set max below reserved" );
auto delta = int64_t(max_ram_size) - int64_t(_gstate.max_ram_size);
auto itr = _rammarket.find(ramcore_symbol.raw());
/**
* Increase the amount of ram for sale based upon the change in max ram size.
*/
_rammarket.modify( itr, same_payer, [&]( auto& m ) {
m.base.balance.amount += delta;
});
_gstate.max_ram_size = max_ram_size;
}
参数详解:
max_ram_size: 内存大小
max_ram_size初始默认为64G,setram()方法实现了对RAM的一次性扩容,该方法只允许合约账户本身调用。
应用场景:
某个基于EOS开发的链,提供了免费的账户注册接口,执行调用后,账户免费为其抵押CPU、NET和购买RAM。由于接口没有做严格有效的防刷处理,导致账户注册严重超过预期,导致链内系统资源浪费严重,以及空投部分系统代币占用过多。
解决方法:
- 通过setram()方法一次性扩增RAM容量
- 通过setramrate()方法设置为每块持续新增。
(四)setramrate设置每个块内存增长速率
源码:
void system_contract::setramrate( uint16_t bytes_per_block ) {
require_auth( get_self() );
update_ram_supply();
_gstate2.new_ram_per_block = bytes_per_block;
}
参数详解:
bytes_per_block: 每个块的内存大小
setramrate()方法实现了每个块内存增长速率的设置,该方法只允许合约账户本身调用。
注意:
- 以字节/块为单位设置ram的增加速率,其上限为uint16。
- 每年的最高速率为3TB,如果update_ram_supply没有被最新的块覆盖。
- 在切换速率之前,将以旧速率分配新的ram直到当前块。
(五)setpriv设置特权开关
源码:
void system_contract::setpriv( const name& account, uint8_t ispriv ) {
require_auth( get_self() );
set_privileged( account, ispriv );
}
参数详解:
account: 账户
is_priv: 是否开启特权( 0不开,>0开启 )
setpriv()方法只允许合约账户本身调用,实现了特权开关的设置,调用成功后,该账户成为特权帐户,可以跳过标准授权检查执行交易。
(六)setparams设置系统参数
1、setparams()方法详解
源码:
void system_contract::setparams( const eosio::blockchain_parameters& params ) {
require_auth( get_self() );
(eosio::blockchain_parameters&)(_gstate) = params;
check( 3 <= _gstate.max_authority_depth, "max_authority_depth should be at least 3" );
set_blockchain_parameters( params );
}
参数详解:
params: 参数
setparams()是公共函数,该函数设置了链参数eosio::blockchain_parameter,只允许合约账户本身调用。
应用场景:
- cpu资源分配的算法是动态,全网cpu的利用率分忙时和闲时,当利用率超过一定阈值,即为忙时。这个阈值将会使用setparams()方法修改,修改参数为target_block_cpu_usage_pct。目前,eos主网的值为3000,即cpu利用率为30%。
setparams()方法修改链配置。可配置的参数如下:
{ "params":
{
"max_block_net_usage": 1048577,
"target_block_net_usage_pct": 1000,
"max_transaction_net_usage": 524288,
"base_per_transaction_net_usage": 12,
"net_usage_leeway": 500,
"context_free_discount_net_usage_num": 20,
"context_free_discount_net_usage_den": 100,
"max_block_cpu_usage": 200000,
"target_block_cpu_usage_pct": 1000,
"max_transaction_cpu_usage": 150000,
"min_transaction_cpu_usage": 100,
"max_transaction_lifetime": 3600,
"deferred_trx_expiration_window": 600,
"max_transaction_delay": 3888000,
"max_inline_action_size": 4096,
"max_inline_action_depth": 4,
"max_authority_depth": 6
}
}
2、blockchain_parameters默认配置及参数详解
数据结构:
/* 区块链全局状态 */
struct eosio_global_state : public blockchain_parameters
{
uint64_t max_ram_size = 64 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024; // 64GB
uint64_t total_ram_bytes_reserved;
int64_t total_ram_stake;
block_timestamp last_porducer_schedule_update;
uint64_t last_pervote_bucket_fill;
int64_t pervote_bucket;
int64_t perblock_bucket;
uint32_t total_unpaid_blocks;
int64_t total_activated_stake_time;
uint64_t thresh_activated_stake_time;
uint16_t last_producer_schedule_size;
double total_producer_vote_weight;
block_timestamp last_name_close;
}
// 区块链参数
struct blockchain_parameters
{
uint64_t max_block_net_usage;
uint32_t target_block_net_usage_pct;
uint32_t max_transaction_net_usage;
uint32_t base_per_transaction_net_usage;
uint32_t net_usage_leeway;
uint32_t context_free_discount_net_usage_num;
uint32_t context_free_discount_net_usage_den;
uint32_t max_block_cpu_usage;
uint32_t target_block_cpu_usage_pct;
uint32_t max_transaction_cpu_usage;
uint32_t min_transaction_cpu_usage;
uint64_t context_free_discount_cpu_usage_num;
uint64_t context_free_discount_cpu_usage_den;
uint32_t max_transaction_lifetime;
uint32_t deferred_trx_expiration_window;
uint32_t max_transaction_delay;
uint32_t max_inline_action_size;
uint16_t max_inline_action_depth;
uint16_t max_authority_depth;
};
核心参数详解:
名字 | 注释 |
max_ram_size | 最大内存,默认大小为 64GB |
total_ram_bytes_reserved | 可用内存大小,默认配置为0 |
total_ram_stake | 总内存抵押大小,默认配置为0 |
last_producer_schedule_update | 最后一个块生成时间 |
last_pervote_bucket_fill | 最后一次投入桶时间 |
pervote_bucket | |
perblock_bucket | |
total_unpaid_blocks | 总未支付的块 |
total_activated_stake | 总活跃的块 |
thresh_activated_stake_time | |
last_producer_schedule_size | 上一个生产者调度任务大小 |
total_producer_vote_weight | 生产者的投票资产 |
last_name_close |
(七)setinflation设置通胀率
源码:
void system_contract::setinflation( int64_t annual_rate, int64_t inflation_pay_factor, int64_t votepay_factor ) {
require_auth(get_self());
check(annual_rate >= 0, "annual_rate can't be negative");
if ( inflation_pay_factor < pay_factor_precision ) {
check( false, "inflation_pay_factor must not be less than " + std::to_string(pay_factor_precision) );
}
if ( votepay_factor < pay_factor_precision ) {
check( false, "votepay_factor must not be less than " + std::to_string(pay_factor_precision) );
}
_gstate4.continuous_rate = get_continuous_rate(annual_rate);
_gstate4.inflation_pay_factor = inflation_pay_factor;
_gstate4.votepay_factor = votepay_factor;
_global4.set( _gstate4, get_self() );
}
参数详解:
annual_rate: 年率(核心代币供应的年通货膨胀率)
inflation_pay_factor: 通胀系数(用于奖励区块生产者的通货膨胀分数的倒数)
votepay_factor: 投票系数(区块生产者奖励的分数与所产生的区块成比例的倒数)
相关数据结构:
static constexpr int64_t default_inflation_pay_factor = 50000;
static constexpr int64_t default_votepay_factor = 40000;
setinflation()方法通过更改核心代币供应的年通货膨胀率,并根据以下结构指定新发行代币的分配方式实现了通胀率的设置:
- 例如,对于5%的年通货膨胀率=>annual_rate=default_inflation_pay_factor*5%=500,对于1.5%的年通货膨胀率=>annual_rate=default_inflation_pay_factor* 1.5%=150
- 设置通胀系数后会增发一部分代币,其中20%会用于奖励生产者(会根据指定生产者所占总量的占比来分配奖励),剩余80%存储在eosio.saving(用作WPS工作提案奖励用)。
- 设置投票系数后剩余的奖励将根据收到的选票按比例分配。例如,其中有25%的量按生产者的产块量奖励;75%的量按生产者所收获的票数奖励。
为什么要设置年通货膨胀率?
产块奖励与代币增发的实现是通过年通货膨胀系数的设置的。
产块奖励与代币增发:
在每个新的区块中,区块生产者会生成第一个交易,该交易就是onblock,用于标记未付款的区块数(unpaid block)和更新账户竞标的信息。其发放奖励的接口claimrewards由外部调用触发。EOSIO也并非每年只增发一次,一次性增发全年所有的EOS,而是采用连续增发方式,即任何节点领取(claim)时都会触发系统的增发动作,这也就意味着,增发是根据流动时间长度不定期发生的。
增发代币数量计算公式:
增发代币数量=年通货膨胀系数(0.04879=4.879%)×当前代币发行总量×上一次增发代币到现在的时长/一年的微秒数
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