一 动态路由
1.1 动态路由协议基础
1.1.1 动态路由概念
1.1.2 动态路由的特点
1.1.3 度量值
1.1.4 度量值的种类
1.1.5 收敛
1.2 动态路由协议分类
1.3 静态路由和动态路由的区别
二RIP路由协议工作原理
2.1 RIP路由协议工作原理
2.2 RIP路由协议的配置和验证
2.3 RIP路由协议V1与V2
2.4 RIP V2的配置
2.5 水平分割和毒性逆转
三 实验
一 动态路由
1.1 动态路由协议基础
1.1.1 动态路由概念
动态路由:路由器之间用来交换信息的语音。(OSPF、ISIS等各种各样的协议就是不通的语音,使用不同的协议是不能进行交换信息的)
动态路由基于某种路由协议实现,每一种动态路由协议都有自己的语音。
RIP:routing information protocol 路由信息协议
OSPF: open shortest path first 开放式最短路径优先
ISIS: intermadiate system to intermadiate system 中间系统叫中间系统
BGP:broder gateway protocol 边界网关协议
注:不同路由协议是不能进行通信的,但是可以使用其他办法实现通信
1.1.2 动态路由的特点
1,无需管理员手工维护,减轻了管理员的工作负担
2,占用网络带宽
3,在路由器上允许网络协议,是路由器可以自动根据网络拓扑结构的变化调整路由条目
4,可以应用于网络规模大,拓扑复杂的网络
1.1.3 度量值
度量值代表距离。他们用来在寻找路由是确定最优路由路径。每一种路由算法在产生路由表时,会为每一条通过网络的路径产生一个数值(度量值),最小的值表示最优路径。根据路由协议的不同,每种路由协议的度量值也不一定一样,RIP以跳数为度量值。OSPF以COST为度量值。
1.1.4 度量值的种类
跳数、带宽、负载、时延、可靠性、成本
跳数:可以简单的记录经过的路由器的个数。RIP协议最大为15,超高16及不可达。
1.1.5 收敛
网络中路由器对网络拓扑达成一致的过程 (每个路由器的条目都一样)
1.2 动态路由协议分类
1.距离矢量路由协议:依据从源网络到目标网络所经过的路由器的个数选择路由,如RIP/IGRP
距离:到目的地的成本(度量值)
矢量:到目的地的下一跳
2.链路状态路由协议:综合考虑从源网络到目的网络的各种路径的情况选择路由。如OSPF、ISIS
补:路由协议分类:动态路由、静态路由、直连路由
1.3 动态路由和静态路由的比较
网络中静态路由和动态路由互相补充,静态路由虽然方向精确但是配置麻烦,动态路由指标工作比较简单,但是会占用一定的带宽。
静态路由只能适用小规模的企业网络,大型企业网络用的是动态路由协议
静态路由的优点:配置灵活,管理员手工配置,节约链路开销
缺点:当拓扑发生改变时,需要管理员去每台路由器上修改配置
建议5条以内的外部路由使用静态路由协议,5条以上的使用动态路由协议
二RIP路由协议工作原理
2.1 RIP路由协议概念
RIP是距离矢量路由选择协议,度量值为跳数
RIP的基本概念:
定期更新:(路由器每经过一段时间周期30s后,向邻居发送更新信息,使用UDP520端口)
邻居:(与其相邻的路由器)
广播更新:(Ripv1 255.255.255.255)
组播更新:(Ripv2 224.0.0.9)
全路由表更新:(路由器将从邻居学习到的路由放到自己的路由表中,然后将路由表所有的信息再通告给其他路由器,直到整个网络学习完)
2.2 RIP路由协议的配置和验证
2.3 RIP路由协议V1与V2
2.4 RIP V2的配置
2.5 防止动态路由环路的方式
水平分割和毒性逆转主要是针对动态路由协议RIP中,避免路由环路,提高收敛速度产生的。
水平分割:在路由信息传递过程中,路由器从某个接口接收到的更新信息不允许再从这个接口发出去,同时也能减少路由更新占用的链路带宽资源。
毒性逆转:路由器从某个接口上接收到的某个网段的路由信息之后,并不是不往回发送信息了,而是发送,只不过将这个网段标志为不可达,再发送出去。收到此种路由信息后,接收方路由器会立刻抛弃该路由,而不是等其老化时间到,这样可以加速路由的收敛。
三 实验
R4配置:
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname R4
[R4]un in en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[R4]int g0/0/0
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 10.0.0.2 24
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 20.0.0.1 24
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 is not shutdown.
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]
<R4>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[R4]rip 1
[R4-rip-1]version 2
[R4-rip-1]undo summary
[R4-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0
[R4-rip-1]network 20.0.0.0
[R4-rip-1]
R5配置:
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sys R4
[R4]un in en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[R4]int g0/0/0
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 10.0.0.2 24
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 20.0.0.1 24
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 is not shutdown.
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]
<Huawei>
Dec 10 2021 21:58:12-08:00 Huawei %%01IFPDT/4/IF_STATE(l)[0]:Interface GigabitEt
hernet0/0/0 has turned into UP state.
<Huawei>
Dec 10 2021 21:58:12-08:00 Huawei %%01IFPDT/4/IF_STATE(l)[1]:Interface GigabitEt
hernet0/0/1 has turned into UP state.
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname R5
[R5]un in en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[R5]int g0/0/0
[R5-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 20.0.0.2 24
[R5-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[R5-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R5-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 30.0.0.1 24
[R5-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 is not shutdown.
[R5-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]
Please check whether system data has been changed, and save data in time
Configuration console time out, please press any key to log on
<R5>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[R5]rip 1
[R5-rip-1]version 2
[R5-rip-1]undo summary
[R5-rip-1]network 20.0.0.0
[R5-rip-1]network 30.0.0.0
[R5-rip-1]
R6配置:
<Huawei>
Dec 10 2021 21:58:07-08:00 Huawei %%01IFPDT/4/IF_STATE(l)[0]:Interface GigabitEt
hernet0/0/1 has turned into UP state.
<Huawei>
Dec 10 2021 21:58:12-08:00 Huawei %%01IFPDT/4/IF_STATE(l)[1]:Interface GigabitEt
hernet0/0/0 has turned into UP state.
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname R6
[R6]un in en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[R6]int g0/0/0
[R6-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 30.0.0.2 24
[R6-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[R6-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R6-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 40.0.0.1 24
[R6-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 is not shutdown.
[R6-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]
Please check whether system data has been changed, and save data in time
Configuration console time out, please press any key to log on
<R6>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[R6]rip 1
[R6-rip-1]version 2
[R6-rip-1]undo summary
[R6-rip-1]network 30.0.0.0
[R6-rip-1]network 40.0.0.0
[R6-rip-1]
SW1配置:
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname SW1
[SW1]un in en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[SW1]vlan 10
[SW1-vlan10]q
[SW1]int vlanif 10
[SW1-Vlanif10]ip add 192.168.10.1 24
[SW1-Vlanif10]un sh
Info: Interface Vlanif10 is not shutdown.
[SW1-Vlanif10]q
[SW1]int g0/0/1
[SW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port link-type access
[SW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]port default vlan 10
[SW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 is not shutdown.
[SW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[SW1]int vlanif 1
[SW1-Vlanif1]ip add 10.0.0.1 24
[SW1-Vlanif1]un sh
Info: Interface Vlanif1 is not shutdown.
[SW1-Vlanif1]q
[SW1]rip 1
[SW1-rip-1]version 2
[SW1-rip-1]undo summary
[SW1-rip-1]network 192.168.10.0
[SW1-rip-1]network 10.0.0.0
[SW1-rip-1] User interface con0 is available
SW2配置:
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname SW2
[SW2]un in en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[SW2]vlan 10
[SW2-vlan10]q
[SW2]int vlanif 10
[SW2-Vlanif10]ip add 192.168.20.1 24
[SW2-Vlanif10]un sh
Info: Interface Vlanif10 is not shutdown.
[SW2]int vlan 1
[SW2-Vlanif1]ip add 40.0.0.2 24
[SW2-Vlanif1]un sh
Info: Interface Vlanif1 is not shutdown.
[SW2-Vlanif10]q
[SW2]int g0/0/2
[SW2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]port link-type access
[SW2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]port default vlan 10
[SW2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2 is not shutdown.
[SW2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]q
[SW2]rip 1
[SW2-rip-1]version 2
[SW2-rip-1]undo summary
[SW2-rip-1]network 192.168.20.1
Error: The network address is invalid, and the specified address must be major-net address without any subnets.
[SW2-rip-1]network 192.168.20.0
[SW2-rip-1]network 40.0.0.0
[SW2-rip-1]q
结果:
完成PC1和PC2互通