在上一篇教程《WebGL简易教程(七):绘制一个矩形体》中,通过一个绘制矩形包围盒的实例,进一步理解了模型视图投影变换。其实,三维场景的UI交互工作正是基于模型视图投影变换的基础之上的。这里就通过之前的知识实现一个三维场景的浏览实例:通过鼠标实现场景的旋转和缩放。
2. 实例改进上一篇教程的JS代码,得到新的代码如下:
// 顶点着色器程序
var VSHADER_SOURCE =
'attribute vec4 a_Position;\n' + // attribute variable
'attribute vec4 a_Color;\n' +
'uniform mat4 u_MvpMatrix;\n' +
'varying vec4 v_Color;\n' +
'void main() {\n' +
' gl_Position = u_MvpMatrix * a_Position;\n' + // Set the vertex coordinates of the point
' v_Color = a_Color;\n' +
'}\n';
// 片元着色器程序
var FSHADER_SOURCE =
'precision mediump float;\n' +
'varying vec4 v_Color;\n' +
'void main() {\n' +
' gl_FragColor = v_Color;\n' +
'}\n';
//定义一个矩形体:混合构造函数原型模式
function Cuboid(minX, maxX, minY, maxY, minZ, maxZ) {
this.minX = minX;
this.maxX = maxX;
this.minY = minY;
this.maxY = maxY;
this.minZ = minZ;
this.maxZ = maxZ;
}
Cuboid.prototype = {
constructor: Cuboid,
CenterX: function () {
return (this.minX + this.maxX) / 2.0;
},
CenterY: function () {
return (this.minY + this.maxY) / 2.0;
},
CenterZ: function () {
return (this.minZ + this.maxZ) / 2.0;
},
LengthX: function () {
return (this.maxX - this.minX);
},
LengthY: function () {
return (this.maxY - this.minY);
}
}
var currentAngle = [0.0, 0.0]; // 绕X轴Y轴的旋转角度 ([x-axis, y-axis])
var curScale = 1.0; //当前的缩放比例
function main() {
// 获取 <canvas> 元素
var canvas = document.getElementById('webgl');
// 获取WebGL渲染上下文
var gl = getWebGLContext(canvas);
if (!gl) {
console.log('Failed to get the rendering context for WebGL');
return;
}
// 初始化着色器
if (!initShaders(gl, VSHADER_SOURCE, FSHADER_SOURCE)) {
console.log('Failed to intialize shaders.');
return;
}
// 设置顶点位置
var cuboid = new Cuboid(399589.072, 400469.072, 3995118.062, 3997558.062, 732, 1268);
var n = initVertexBuffers(gl, cuboid);
if (n < 0) {
console.log('Failed to set the positions of the vertices');
return;
}
//注册鼠标事件
initEventHandlers(canvas);
// 指定清空<canvas>的颜色
gl.clearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
// 开启深度测试
gl.enable(gl.DEPTH_TEST);
//绘制函数
var tick = function () {
//设置MVP矩阵
setMVPMatrix(gl, canvas, cuboid);
//清空颜色和深度缓冲区
gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
//绘制矩形体
gl.drawElements(gl.TRIANGLES, n, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, 0);
//请求浏览器调用tick
requestAnimationFrame(tick);
};
//开始绘制
tick();
// 绘制矩形体
gl.drawElements(gl.TRIANGLES, n, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, 0);
}
//注册鼠标事件
function initEventHandlers(canvas) {
var dragging = false; // Dragging or not
var lastX = -1, lastY = -1; // Last position of the mouse
//鼠标按下
canvas.onmousedown = function (ev) {
var x = ev.clientX;
var y = ev.clientY;
// Start dragging if a moue is in <canvas>
var rect = ev.target.getBoundingClientRect();
if (rect.left <= x && x < rect.right && rect.top <= y && y < rect.bottom) {
lastX = x;
lastY = y;
dragging = true;
}
};
//鼠标离开时
canvas.onmouseleave = function (ev) {
dragging = false;
};
//鼠标释放
canvas.onmouseup = function (ev) {
dragging = false;
};
//鼠标移动
canvas.onmousemove = function (ev) {
var x = ev.clientX;
var y = ev.clientY;
if (dragging) {
var factor = 100 / canvas.height; // The rotation ratio
var dx = factor * (x - lastX);
var dy = factor * (y - lastY);
currentAngle[0] = currentAngle[0] + dy;
currentAngle[1] = currentAngle[1] + dx;
}
lastX = x, lastY = y;
};
//鼠标缩放
canvas.onmousewheel = function (event) {
if (event.wheelDelta > 0) {
curScale = curScale * 1.1;
} else {
curScale = curScale * 0.9;
}
};
}
//设置MVP矩阵
function setMVPMatrix(gl, canvas, cuboid) {
// Get the storage location of u_MvpMatrix
var u_MvpMatrix = gl.getUniformLocation(gl.program, 'u_MvpMatrix');
if (!u_MvpMatrix) {
console.log('Failed to get the storage location of u_MvpMatrix');
return;
}
//模型矩阵
var modelMatrix = new Matrix4();
modelMatrix.scale(curScale, curScale, curScale);
modelMatrix.rotate(currentAngle[0], 1.0, 0.0, 0.0); // Rotation around x-axis
modelMatrix.rotate(currentAngle[1], 0.0, 1.0, 0.0); // Rotation around y-axis
modelMatrix.translate(-cuboid.CenterX(), -cuboid.CenterY(), -cuboid.CenterZ());
//投影矩阵
var fovy = 60;
var near = 1;
var projMatrix = new Matrix4();
projMatrix.setPerspective(fovy, canvas.width / canvas.height, 1, 10000);
//计算lookAt()函数初始视点的高度
var angle = fovy / 2 * Math.PI / 180.0;
var eyeHight = (cuboid.LengthY() * 1.2) / 2.0 / angle;
//视图矩阵
var viewMatrix = new Matrix4(); // View matrix
viewMatrix.lookAt(0, 0, eyeHight, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0);
//MVP矩阵
var mvpMatrix = new Matrix4();
mvpMatrix.set(projMatrix).multiply(viewMatrix).multiply(modelMatrix);
//将MVP矩阵传输到着色器的uniform变量u_MvpMatrix
gl.uniformMatrix4fv(u_MvpMatrix, false, mvpMatrix.elements);
}
//
function initVertexBuffers(gl, cuboid) {
// Create a cube
// v6----- v5
// /| /|
// v1------v0|
// | | | |
// | |v7---|-|v4
// |/ |/
// v2------v3
// 顶点坐标和颜色
var verticesColors = new Float32Array([
cuboid.maxX, cuboid.maxY, cuboid.maxZ, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, // v0 White
cuboid.minX, cuboid.maxY, cuboid.maxZ, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, // v1 Magenta
cuboid.minX, cuboid.minY, cuboid.maxZ, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, // v2 Red
cuboid.maxX, cuboid.minY, cuboid.maxZ, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, // v3 Yellow
cuboid.maxX, cuboid.minY, cuboid.minZ, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, // v4 Green
cuboid.maxX, cuboid.maxY, cuboid.minZ, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, // v5 Cyan
cuboid.minX, cuboid.maxY, cuboid.minZ, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, // v6 Blue
cuboid.minX, cuboid.minY, cuboid.minZ, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0 // v7 Black
]);
//顶点索引
var indices = new Uint8Array([
0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3, // 前
0, 3, 4, 0, 4, 5, // 右
0, 5, 6, 0, 6, 1, // 上
1, 6, 7, 1, 7, 2, // 左
7, 4, 3, 7, 3, 2, // 下
4, 7, 6, 4, 6, 5 // 后
]);
//
var FSIZE = verticesColors.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT; //数组中每个元素的字节数
// 创建缓冲区对象
var vertexColorBuffer = gl.createBuffer();
var indexBuffer = gl.createBuffer();
if (!vertexColorBuffer || !indexBuffer) {
console.log('Failed to create the buffer object');
return -1;
}
// 将缓冲区对象绑定到目标
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexColorBuffer);
// 向缓冲区对象写入数据
gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, verticesColors, gl.STATIC_DRAW);
//获取着色器中attribute变量a_Position的地址
var a_Position = gl.getAttribLocation(gl.program, 'a_Position');
if (a_Position < 0) {
console.log('Failed to get the storage location of a_Position');
return -1;
}
// 将缓冲区对象分配给a_Position变量
gl.vertexAttribPointer(a_Position, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, FSIZE * 6, 0);
// 连接a_Position变量与分配给它的缓冲区对象
gl.enableVertexAttribArray(a_Position);
//获取着色器中attribute变量a_Color的地址
var a_Color = gl.getAttribLocation(gl.program, 'a_Color');
if (a_Color < 0) {
console.log('Failed to get the storage location of a_Color');
return -1;
}
// 将缓冲区对象分配给a_Color变量
gl.vertexAttribPointer(a_Color, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, FSIZE * 6, FSIZE * 3);
// 连接a_Color变量与分配给它的缓冲区对象
gl.enableVertexAttribArray(a_Color);
// 将顶点索引写入到缓冲区对象
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indexBuffer);
gl.bufferData(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices, gl.STATIC_DRAW);
return indices.length;
}
与之前的代码相比,这里主要改进了两个方面的内容:重绘刷新和鼠标事件调整参数。
2.1. 重绘刷新
与之前只绘制一次场景不同,为了满足浏览交互工作,页面就必须实时刷新,来满足不同的鼠标、键盘事件对场景的影响。可以使用JS的requestAnimationFrame()函数进行定时重绘刷新操作。其函数定义如下:
在代码中的实现如下:
//绘制函数
var tick = function () {
//设置MVP矩阵
setMVPMatrix(gl, canvas, cuboid);
//清空颜色和深度缓冲区
gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
//绘制矩形体
gl.drawElements(gl.TRIANGLES, n, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, 0);
//请求浏览器调用tick
requestAnimationFrame(tick);
};
//开始绘制
tick();
在这段代码中,定义了一个绘制函数tick(),而在该函数的结束处,调用了requestAnimationFrame()函数来向浏览器请求调用其回调函数,也就是tick()。以此循环往复,页面会不停的请求调用绘制tick(),从而带到了重绘刷新的效果。
前面提到过,重绘刷新每一帧之前,都要清空颜色缓冲区和深度缓冲区,不让上一帧的效果影响到下一帧。同理,MVP矩阵也是每绘制一帧之前就需要重新设置的。
2.2. 鼠标事件调整参数
在设置MVP矩阵函数setMVPMatrix()中,可以发现视图矩阵和投影矩阵都是初次计算好就固定的,只有模型矩阵随着变量currentAngle和curScale变化而变化,相关代码如下:
var currentAngle = [0.0, 0.0]; // 绕X轴Y轴的旋转角度 ([x-axis, y-axis])
var curScale = 1.0; //当前的缩放比例
//设置MVP矩阵
function setMVPMatrix(gl, canvas, cuboid) {
//...
//模型矩阵
var modelMatrix = new Matrix4();
modelMatrix.scale(curScale, curScale, curScale);
modelMatrix.rotate(currentAngle[0], 1.0, 0.0, 0.0); // Rotation around x-axis
modelMatrix.rotate(currentAngle[1], 0.0, 1.0, 0.0); // Rotation around y-axis
modelMatrix.translate(-cuboid.CenterX(), -cuboid.CenterY(), -cuboid.CenterZ());
//...
}
currentAngle和curScale是预先定义的全局变量,它们在函数initEventHandlers中被设置。在initEventHandlers函数中,注册了画布元素canvas的鼠标事件。当鼠标在画布视图中拖动的时候,currentAngle根据鼠标在X、Y方向上位移变化而变化:
//鼠标按下
canvas.onmousedown = function (ev) {
var x = ev.clientX;
var y = ev.clientY;
// Start dragging if a moue is in <canvas>
var rect = ev.target.getBoundingClientRect();
if (rect.left <= x && x < rect.right && rect.top <= y && y < rect.bottom) {
lastX = x;
lastY = y;
dragging = true;
}
};
//...
//鼠标移动
canvas.onmousemove = function (ev) {
var x = ev.clientX;
var y = ev.clientY;
if (dragging) {
var factor = 100 / canvas.height; // The rotation ratio
var dx = factor * (x - lastX);
var dy = factor * (y - lastY);
currentAngle[0] = currentAngle[0] + dy;
currentAngle[1] = currentAngle[1] + dx;
}
lastX = x, lastY = y;
};
当鼠标在画布上滑动滚轮的时候,curScale根据滚动的幅度变化而变化:
//鼠标缩放
canvas.onmousewheel = function (event) {
if (event.wheelDelta > 0) {
curScale = curScale * 1.1;
} else {
curScale = curScale * 0.9;
}
};
currentAngle和curScale的变化使得模型矩阵发生改变,而每绘制一帧就会重新设置MVP矩阵,这就使得三维场景随着鼠标操作而变化,从而完成交互操作。
3. 结果在浏览器中打开对应的HTML文件,运行结果如下:
本来部分代码和插图来自《WebGL编程指南》,源代码链接:地址 。会在此共享目录中持续更新后续的内容。