目录
说明论文的目的及其贡献(Abstract,Introduction)
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解释为什么你的主题X是重要的
X is the main / leading / primary / major cause of ..
Xs are a common / useful / critical part of…
Xs are among the most widely used / commonly discussed / well-known / well-documented /
widespread / commonly investigated types of …
X is recognized as being / believed to be / widely considered to be the most important …
It is well known / generally accepted / common knowledge that X is …
X is increasingly becoming / set to become a vital factor in …
Xs are undergoing a revolution / generating considerable interest in terms of …
Xs are attracting considerable / increasing / widespread interest due to …
X has many uses / roles / applications in the field of …
A striking / useful / remarkable feature of …
The main / principal / fundamental characteristics of X are:
X accounts / is responsible for
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概述X研究的过去和现在的历史(没有直接参考文献)
Last century X was considered to be / viewed as / seen as the most …
Initial / Preliminary / The first studies of X considered it to be
Traditionally X / In the history of X, the focus has always been …
Scientists / Researchers / Experts have always seen X as …
Until now / For many years / Since 1993 Xs have been considered as …
X has received much attention in the last two years / in the past decade / over the last two decades …
For the past five years / Since 2011 there has been a rapid rise in the use of Xs
The last two years have witnessed / seen a huge growth in X …
The past decade / last year has seen a renewed importance in X …
Recent developments in / findings regarding X have led to …
X has become a central / an important / a critical issue in …
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描述X研究可能的未来
The next decade is likely to see / witness a considerable rise in X
In the next few years X will become / is likely to have become
Within the next few years, X is set / destined / likely to become an important component in …
By 2025 / Within the next ten years, X will have become …
X will soon / shortly / rapidly / inevitably be an issue that …
Few researchers have addressed the problem / issue / question of …
Previous work has only focused on / been limited to / failed to address …
A basic / common / fundamental / crucial / major issue of …
The central / core problem of
A challenging / An intriguing / An important / A neglected area in the field of …
Current solutions to X are inconsistent / inadequate / incorrect / ineffective / inefficient / over-
simplistic / unsatisfactory
Many hypotheses regarding X appear to be ill-defined / unfounded / not well grounded /
unsupported / questionable / disputable / debatable
The characteristics of X are not well understood / are misunderstood / have not been dealt with in
depth.
It is not yet known / has not yet been established whether X can do Y.
X is still poorly / not widely understood.
X is often impractical / not feasible / costly …
Techniques to solve X are computationally demanding / subject to high overheads / time consuming /
impractical / frequently unfeasible.
A major defect / difficulty / drawback / disadvantage / flaw of X is …
One of the main issues in our knowledge of / what we know about X is a lack of …
This particular / specific area of X has been overlooked / has been neglected / remains unclear …
Despite this interest, no one to the best of our knowledge / as far as we know has studied …
Although this approach is interesting, it suffers from / fails to take into account / does not allow for …
In spite of / Despite its shortcomings, this method has been widely applied to …
However, there is still a need for / has been little discussion on …
Moreover, other solutions / research programs / approaches have failed to provide …
Most studies have only focused / tended to focus on …
To date / Until now this methodology has only been applied to …
There is still some / much / considerable controversy surrounding …
There has been some disagreement concerning / regarding / with regard to whether
There is little / no general agreement on …
The community has raised some issues / concerns about …
Concerns have arisen / been raised which question / call into question the validity of …
In the light of recent events in x, there is now some / much / considerable concern about …
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说明论文的目的及其贡献(Abstract,Introduction)
In this report / paper / review / study we …
This paper outlines / proposes / describes / presents a new approach to …
This paper examines / seeks to address / focuses on / discusses / investigates how to solve …
This paper is an overview of / a review of / a report on / a preliminary attempt to …
The present paper aims to validate / call into question / refute Peng’s findings regarding …
X is presented / described / analyzed / computed / investigated / examined / introduced / discussed in
order to …
The aim of our work / research / study / analysis was to further / extend / widen / broaden current
knowledge of …
Our knowledge of X is largely based on very limited data. The aim of the research was thus /
therefore / consequently to
The aim of this study is to study / evaluate / validate / determine / examine / analyze / calculate /
estimate / formulate …
This paper calls into question / takes a new look at / re-examines / revisits / sheds new light on …
With this in mind / Within the framework of these criteria / In this context we tried to …
We undertook this study / initiated this research / developed this methodology to …
We believe that we have found / developed / discovered / designed an innovative solution to …
We describe / present / consider / analyze a novel / simple / radical / interesting solution for …
The term ‘X’ is generally understood to mean / has come to be used to refer to / has been applied to …
In the literature, X usually refers / often refers / tends to be used to refer to …
In the field of X, several / various / many definitions of Y can be found.
The term X is / was / has been used by Molotov [2011] to refer to …
Molotov uses the term X [2011] to refer to / denominate …
X is defined by Peng [1990] to refer to / to mean …
Vitous [2015] has provided / put forward / proposed a new definition of X, in which …
X is defined / identified / described as … [Njimi 2004].
In the literature there seems to be no general definition of X / a general definition of X is lacking /
there is no clear definition of X.
Several authors have attempted to define X, but as yet / currently / at the time of writing there is still
no accepted definition.
In broad / general terms, X is / can be defined as a way to …
The broad / general / generally accepted use of the term X refers to …
X is sometimes equated with / embodies a series of …
X, Y and Z are three kinds / types / categories / classes of languages.
There are three kinds of languages: / The three kinds of languages are: / Languages can be divided
into three kinds: X, Y and Z.
The acronym PC stands for / denotes …
The subjects (henceforth named / hereafter ‘X’) are…
The subject, which we shall call / refer to as ‘X’, is …
Throughout this paper / section we use the terms ‘mafia’ and ‘the mob’ interchangeably, following /
in accordance with the practice of this department where this study was conducted.
The fonts, i.e. / that is to say the form of the characters, are of various types.
There are three different types, namely / specifically: X, Y and Z.
Throughout the / In this paper we use / will use the term X to refer to …
In this chapter X is used / will be used to refer to …
In this paper the standard meaning of X is / will be used ..
This aspect is / will be dealt with in more detail in Sect. 2.
We will see / learn / appreciate how relevant this is in the next subsection.
This paper is organized as follows / divided into five sections.
The first section / Section 1 gives a brief overview of …
The second section examines / analyses …
In the third section a case study is presented / analyzed …
A new methodology is described / outlined in the fourth section …
We / I propose a new procedure in Section 4.
Some / Our conclusions are drawn in the final section.
This paper / chapter / section / subsection begins by examining …
The next chapter looks at / examines / investigates the question of …
Problems / Questions / Issues regarding X are discussed in later sections.
A discussion of Y is / falls outside the scope of this paper.
For reasons of space, Y is not addressed / dealt with / considered in this paper.
There is a considerable / vast amount of literature on …
In the literature there are many / several / a surprising number of / few examples of …
What we know / is known about X is largely based on …
Much / Not much / Very little is known about …
Many / Few studies have been published on … [Ref]
Various approaches have been proposed / put forward / suggested / hypothesized to solve this issue
[Ref].
X has been identified / indicated as being … [Ref]
X has been shown / demonstrated / proved / found to be … [Ref]
X has been widely investigated / studied / addressed … [Ref]
Xs have been receiving / gaining much attention due to …
In the traditional / classical approach, X is used to …
In recent years there has been considerable / growing interest in … [Ref]
A growing body of literature has examined / investigated / studied / analyzed / evaluated … [Ref]
Much work on the potential of X has been carried out [Ref], yet / however there are still some
critical issues … [Ref]
In their seminal / groundbreaking / cutting edge paper of 2001, Peters and Jones …
Initial / Preliminary work in this field focused primarily on …
Some preliminary work was carried out in the early 1990s / several years ago …
Doyle in 2000 was among / one of the first to …
The first investigations into / studies on X found that …
The first systematic study / report on X was carried out / conducted / performed in 1995 by …
An increase in X was first noted / reported / found by …
Experiments on X were conducted / carried out / performed on X in 2009 by a group of researchers
from …
In a major advance in 2010, Berlusconi et al. surveyed / interviewed …
Jeffries and co-workers [2011] measured / calculated / estimated …
In [67] the authors investigated / studied / analyzed …
A recent review of the literature on this topic / subject / matter / area [2012] found that …
A number / An increasing number of studies have found that …
Since 2011 / In the last few years, much more information on X has become available …
Several studies, for example / instance [1], [2], and [6], have been carried out / conducted /
performed on X.
More recent evidence [Obama, 2013] shows / suggests / highlights / reveals / proposes that …
It has now been suggested / hypothesized / proposed / shown / demonstrated that … [Cosimo 2010]
Many attempts have been made [Kim 2009, Li 2010, Hai 2011] in order to / with the purpose of /
aimed at …
In her analysis / review / overview / critique of X, Bertram [2] questions the need for …
In his introduction to / seminal article on / investigation into X, Schneider [3] shows that …
Dee [4] developed / reported on a new method for X and concluded that …
Southern’s group [5] calls into question some past assumptions / hypotheses / theories about X.
Burgess [6], an authority on X, notes / mentions / highlights / states / affirms that …
She questions / wonders / considers / investigates whether [or not] X can …
He traces the advances in / development of / history of / evolution of X
They draw our attention to / focus on X.
They make / draw a distinction between …
He claims / argues / maintains / suggests / points out / underlines that …
She concludes / comes to the conclusion / reaches the conclusion that …
She lists / outlines / describes / provides several reasons for …
Her theory / solution / proposal / method / approach is based on …
Smith’s [22] use of X is fully justified / very plausible / endorsed by experience.
Kamos’s [23] assumptions seem to be realistic / well-founded / well-grounded / plausible /
reasonable / acceptable.
The equations given in [24] are accurate / comprehensive …
It has been suggested [25] that … and this seems to be a reliable / useful / innovative approach …
Research has tended to focus on X rather than Y. An additional problem is that / Moreover X is …
The main limitation / downside / disadvantage / pitfall / shortfall of X is …
One of the major drawbacks to adopting / using / exploiting this system is …
This is something of a pitfall / disadvantage …
A well-known / major / serious criticism of X is …
A key problem with much of the literature on / regarding / in relation to X is that …
This raises many questions about / as to / regarding whether X should be used for …
One question / issue that needs to be asked / raised is …
Unfortunately, it does not / fails to / neglects to explain why …
This method suffers from a number / series / plethora of pitfalls.
There is still considerable ambiguity / disagreement / uncertainty with regard to …
Many experts contend, however / instead / on the other hand, that this evidence is not conclusive.
A related hypothesis holds / maintains that X is equal to Y, suggesting / indicating that …
Other observations indicate / would seem to suggest that this explanation is insufficient …
Peng [31] claimed / contended that X is … but she failed to provide adequate proof of this finding.
Peng’s findings do not seem / appear to support his conclusions.
This has led authors such as / for example / for instance Mithran [32], Yasmin [34] and Hai [35] to
investigate ..
The shortcomings / pitfalls / flaws of their method have been clearly recognized.
A serious weakness / limitation / drawback with this argument, however, is that …
Their approach is not well suited to / appropriate for / suitable for …
The main weakness in their study is that they make no attempt to … / offer no explanation for … /
they overlook …
Their experiments were marred / flawed / undermined by X.
X is the major flaw in / drawback to / disadvantage of their experiments.
The major defect in their experiments is that they entail tedious / repetitive / time-consuming /
laborious / labor-intensive calculations with regard to …
Such an unreasonable / unjustified / inappropriate / unsuitable / misleading assumption can lead to
serious / grave consequences with regard to …
Their claims seem to be somewhat exaggerated / inaccurate / unreliable / speculative / superficial …
In our view, their findings are only conjectures / speculations based on unjustified / implausible /
unsatisfactory / ambivalent / unsubstantiated assumptions.
Their paper / work / study / research / approach / findings / results might have been more interesting
/ innovative / useful / convincing / persuasive if …
Their attempts to do X are cumbersome / unnecessarily complicated / financially unfeasible …
Their explanations are superficial / impenetrable / doubtful / confusing / misleading / irrelevant …
Another / An additional weakness is …
An even greater source of concern / issue / problem is …
As mentioned by Burgess [2011], Henri’s argument / approach / reasoning relies too heavily on …
As others have highlighted [34, 45, 60], Ozil’s approach raises many doubts / is questionable …
Several authors / experts / researchers / analysts have expressed doubts about / called into question /
challenged Guyot on the grounds that …..
Marchesi [2010] has already noted an inconsistency with Hahn’s claim / methodology / method /
results / approach …
Friedrich’s approach [2013] has not escaped criticism / been subjected to much criticism and has
been strongly / vigorously challenged …
Many experts now contend / believe / argue that rather than using Pappov’s approach it might be
more useful to …
Their analysis has not found / met with / received general acceptance …
Some recent criticisms of / critical comments on Kim’s work are summarized in [25].
The most well-known critic of Sadie’s findings is … who argued / proposed / suggested that an
alternative explanation might be that / could be found in …
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描述测试的目的/使用的方法
In order to identify / understand / investigate / study / analyze X …
To enable / allow us to … , we …
To see / determine / check / verify / determine whether …
To control / test for X, Y was done.
So that we could / would be able to do X, we …
In an attempt / effort to do X, we …
X was done / We did X in order to …
The set up we used can be found / is reported / is detailed in [Ref 2].
Our experimental set up bears a close resemblance to / is reminiscent of / is based on / is a variation
on / was inspired by / owes a lot to / is more or less identical to / is practically the same as the one
proposed by Smith [2014].
We used a variation of Smith’s procedure. In fact / Specifically, in our procedure we …
Our steps proceed very much in the same way as / follow what is indicated in [Ref. 2]. First, …
The procedure used is as described / explained / reported / proposed by Sakamoto [2013].
The method is in line with a variation of / essentially the same as that used by Kirk [2009] with some
changes / modifications / alterations / adjustments.
We refined / altered / adapted / modified / revised the method used / reported / suggested / explained
/ proposed / put forward by Bing [2012].
Our technique was loosely / partially / partly / to some extent based on …
More details can be found / are given in our previous paper [35].
This component is fully compliant with international norms / regulations / standards.
The instrument used / utilized / adopted / employed was …
The apparatus consists of / is made up of / is composed of / is based on …
The device was designed / developed / set up in order to …
X incorporates / exploits / makes use of the latest technological advances.
The system comes complete / is equipped / is fully integrated / is fitted with a …
It is mounted on / connected to / attached to / fastened to / fixed to / surrounded by / covered with /
integrated into / embedded onto / encased in / housed in / aligned with …
It is located in / situated in / positioned on ….
X was obtained from / supplied by Big Company Inc.
X was kindly provided / supplied by Prof Big.
The software application / program / package used to analyze the data was SoftGather (Softsift plc,
London).
The data were obtained / collected using SoftGather.
Data management / analysis was performed by / using SoftGather.
X was carried out / performed / analyzed / calculated / determined using SoftGather.
Statistical significance was analyzed by using / through the use of SoftGather.
We used commercially available software / a commercially available software package.
Free software, downloaded from www.free.edu, was used / adopted to …
X was tailored / customized for use with …
X can easily be customized / adapted / modified to suit all requirements.
Measurements were taken using purpose-built / custom-built / customized equipment.
The apparatus was adapted as in [Ref] / in accordance with [Ref] / as follows:
The following changes / modifications were made:
The resulting ad hoc device can / is able to / has the capacity to …
This problem can be outlined / phrased / posed in terms of …
The problem is ruled by / governed by / related to / correlated to …
This theorem asserts / states that …
The resulting integrals / solution to X can be expressed as …
… where T stands for / denotes / identifies / is an abbreviation for time.
By substituting / Substituting / Substitution into …
Combining / Integrating / Eliminating .. we have that: …
Taking advantage of / Exploiting / Making use of X, we …
On combining this result with X, we deduce / conclude that …
Subtracting X from Y, we have that / obtain / get …
Equation 1 shows / reveals that
This gives the formal solution / allows a formal solution to be found …
It may easily / simply verified that …
It is straightforward / easy / trivial to verify that …
For the sake of simplicity / reasons of space, we
The aim / purpose of X is to do Y. Consequently we / As a result we / Therefore we / We thus …
This method / model / system was chosen because it is one of the most practical / feasible / economic
/ rapid ways to …
We chose this particular apparatus because / on account of the fact that / due to / since …
It was decided that the best procedure / method / equipment for this investigation / study was to …
An X approach was chosen / selected in order to …
The design of the X was based on / is geared towards …
We opted for / chose a small sample size because / due to / on the basis of …
By having / By exploiting / Through the use of X, we were able to …
Having an X enabled us to / allowed us to / meant that we could do Y.
We used reliable / innovative / classic / traditional techniques based on the recommendations of …
Xs were prepared as described by / according to / following Jude [2010].
Xs were prepared in accordance with / in compliance with / as required by….
Y was prepared using the same / a similar procedure as for X.
All samples were carefully / thoroughly checked for …
X was gradually / slowly / rapidly / gently heated
The final / resulting solutions contained …
This was done by means of / using / with a calculator.
The traditional / classical / normal / usual approach to sample collection is to …
The criteria / reasons for selecting Xs were:
The sample was selected / subdivided on the basis of X and Y.
The initial sample consisted of / was made up / was composed of …
Approximately / Just over / Slightly under a half / third / quarter of the sample were …
A total of 1234 Xs were recruited for this study / this survey / for interviews.
At the beginning of the study, all of the participants / subjects / patients were aged ……
In all cases patients’ / subjects’ / participants’ consent was obtained.
Interviews were performed / conducted / carried out informally
The interviewees were divided / split / broken down into two groups based on / on the basis of …
Initial studies were made / performed / done / carried out / executed using the conditions described
above over / for a period of …
X was collected / used / tested / characterized / assessed during the first / initial step.
Prior to / Before doing X, we did Y.
First we estimated / determined the value of X, then / subsequently we studied / analyzed / evaluated
Y.
Once / As soon as / After X had been done, we then did Y.
The levels were thus / consequently / therefore set at …
After / Afterwards / Following this, X was subjected to Y.
The resulting / remaining Xs were then …
The experiment was then repeated / replicated under conditions in which …
Finally, independent / separate / further / additional tests were performed on the …
In the first step / During the first phase / In the initial stage of the process …
Once / As soon as / After X has been done, we can then do Y.
This sets the stage / We are now ready for the next step.
At this point / Now X can be …
After / When / As soon as these steps have been carried out, X …
With the completion of these steps / When these steps have been completed, we are now ready to …
This condition cannot be reached until / unless X has been …
When / As soon as X is ready, the final adjustments can be made.
The completed X can now / then / subsequently be used to …
By reducing the amount of X / If the amount of X is reduced, Y can then be done.
To reduce the risk of Y, place / The risk of X can be reduced by placing all the Xs in a container.
The experiment proceeds / continues following the steps outlined below.
To do this entails / involves / requires doing X.
It is seldom / rarely / usually / generally / often / always practical to …
Considerable / Great care are must be taken / exercised when …
A great deal of / Considerable attention must be paid when …
Extreme caution must be taken / used when …
This method represents a viable / valuable / useful / groundbreaking / innovative alternative to …
This equipment has the ability / capacity / potential to outperform all previous Xs.
This apparatus has several / many interesting features / characteristics.
Our method has many interesting / attractive / beneficial / useful / practical / effective / valuable
applications.
Of particular / major / fundamental interest is …
The key / basic / chief / crucial / decisive / essential / fundamental / important / main / major /
principal advantages are:
Our procedure is a clear improvement / advance on current methods.
We believe this solution will aid / assist researchers to …
This solution improves on / enhances / furthers / advances previous methods by …
The benefits / advantages in terms of X far outweigh the disadvantages with regard to Y.
A less lengthy / time-consuming / cumbersome / costly approach is …
A neater / more elegant / simplified / more practical solution for this problem …
An alternative solution, though with high overheads / slightly more complicated / less exhaustive is
…
One / One possible / A good way to avoid the use of X is to use Y instead.
To assess X / evaluate X / distinguish between X and Y, Z was used.
X analysis was used to test / predict / confirm Y.
Changes in X were identified / calculated / compared using …
The correlation / difference between X and Y was tested.
The first set of analyses investigated / examined / confirmed / highlighted the impact of …
Of the study population / initial sample / initial cohort, 90 subjects completed and returned the
questionnaire.
The response rate was 70% at / after / for the first six months and …
The majority of respondents / those who responded felt that ….
Over half / Sixty per cent of those surveyed / questioned reported that …
Almost / Just under / Approximately two-thirds of the participants (64%) said / felt / commented
that …
Only / Just a small number / Fifteen per cent of those interviewed reported / suggested / indicated
that …
Of the 82 subjects who completed the questionnaire / took part in the survey / agreed to participate,
just under / over half replied that ….
A small minority of / Hardly any / Very few participants (4%) indicated …
In response to Question 1, most / nearly all / the majority of those surveyed indicated that …
When the subjects were asked about / questioned on X the majority commented that ….
The overall response to this question was surprisingly / unexpectedly / very / quite negative.
These tests revealed / showed / highlighted that …
Strong / Some / No evidence of X was found …
Interestingly / Surprisingly / Unexpectedly, for high values of X, Y was found ..
There was a significant positive / no correlation between …
On average / Generally speaking / Broadly speaking, we found values for X of …
The average / mean score for X was …
This result is significant only / exclusively at an X level.
Further analysis / analyses / tests / examinations / replications showed that …
No significant difference / correlation was found / identified / revealed / detected / observed /
highlighted between ….
There were no significant differences between X and Y in terms of Z / with regard to Z / as far as Z is
concerned.
The analysis did not show / reveal / identify / confirm any significant differences between …
None of these differences were / Not one of these differences was statistically significant.
Overall / Taken as a whole / Generally speaking / With a few exceptions, our results show X did not
affect Y.
The most striking / remarkable result to emerge from the data is that …
Interestingly / Curiously / Remarkably / Inexplicably, this correlation is related to ….
Significantly / Importantly / Crucially / Critically, X is …
The correlation between X and Y is interesting / of interest / worth noting / noteworthy / worth
mentioning because …
The most surprising / remarkable / intriguing correlation is with the …
The single most striking / conspicuous / marked observation to emerge from the data comparison
was …
It is interesting / critical / crucial / important / fundamental to note that …
We believe that / As far as we know / As far as we aware this is the first time that X …
We believe that / We are of the opinion that / In our view the result emphasizes the validity of our
model.
This result has further strengthened our confidence in X / conviction that X is / hypothesis that X is
…
Our technique shows a clear / clearly has an advantage over …
The importance of X cannot be stressed / emphasized too much.
This underlines / highlights / stresses / proves / demonstrates just how important X is.
The utility of X is thus underlined / highlighted / stressed / proved / demonstrated.
This finding confirms / points to / highlights / reinforces / validates the usefulness of X as a …
Our study provides additional support for / further evidence for / considerable insight into X.
These results extend / further / widen our knowledge of X.
These results offer compelling / indisputable / crucial / overwhelming / powerful / invaluable /
unprecedented / unique / vital evidence for …
Our experiments confirm / corroborate / are in line with / are consistent with previous results [Wiley
2009].
The values are barely / scarcely / hardly distinguishable from [Li 2010] who …
This value has been found to be / is typical of X.
This is in good agreement / in complete agreement / consistent with …
This fits / matches / concurs well with [65] and also confirms our earlier / previous findings [39, 40,
41].
This confirms / supports / lends support to / substantiates previous findings in the literature …
These values correlate favorably / satisfactorily / fairly well with Svenson [2009] and further
support the idea / role / concept of …
Further tests carried out with X confirmed / corroborated / concurred with our initial findings.
As proposed / suggested / reported / indicated / put forward by Dong [2011], the evidence we found
points to …
Our results share / have a number of similarities with Claire et al.’s [2012] findings …
Even though these results differ from some published / previous / earlier studies (Cossu, 2001;
Triana, 2002), they are consistent with those of …
Kosov et al. noted that x = y. Our results do not support / appear to corroborate / seem to confirm
their observation, in fact …
Georgiev is correct to argue / propose / claim that x = y. However, his calculation only referred to
the limited case of …. and our conclusion of x = z, would thus seem to be justified / justifiable /
defensible / correct / acceptable / warranted.
Although our results differ slightly / to some extent / considerably from those of Minhaz [2001],
Erturk [2007], and Hayk [2014], it can / could nevertheless be argued that …
Our findings do / The current study does not support previous research in this area. In fact, contrary
to / unlike / in contrast with what was previously thought, we found that …
These findings refute / disprove / are in contradiction with / contrast with / significantly differ from
previous results reported in the literature.
It was found that X = 2, whereas / on the other hand Kamatchi [2011] found that …
We found much higher values for X than / with respect to those reported by Pandey [2000].
Although / Despite the fact that Li and Mithran [2014] found that X = 2 we found that X = 3.
In contrast to / contradiction with earlier findings [Castenas, 2009], we …
This study has not confirmed previous research on X. However / Nevertheless / Despite this, it
serves to …
As expected / anticipated / predicted / forecast / hypothesized, our experiments show / demonstrate /
prove that …
Our formula captures / reproduces the response of …
Apart from this slight discordance / discrepancy / disagreement / non-alignment, the result is
confirmation of …
Despite / Notwithstanding the lack of agreement, we believe our findings compare well with …
Although / Even though / Despite the fact that there was some inconsistency …
There is satisfactory / good / exceptional / perfect agreement between …
No significant / substantial / appreciable / noteworthy differences were found …
Our findings appear to be well substantiated / supported by …
The number of Xs that confirmed our findings was appreciable / significant / substantial.
Initially we thought that x was equal to y. However, a more careful analysis / closer inspection
revealed that …
These results / data / findings thus need to be interpreted with caution / care / attention.
The conclusions of the review should be treated / interpreted / analyzed / read with caution.
However, due care / careful attention / extreme caution must be exercised / paid in …
Given that our findings are based on a limited number of Xs, the results from such analyses should
thus / consequently / therefore be treated with considerable / the utmost caution.
Other researchers have sounded / We should sound a note of caution with regard to such findings.
As was / might have been expected, our findings were often contradictory …
Contrary to expectations / Unlike other research carried out in this area, we did not find a significant
difference between …
Our results were disappointing / poor / inadequate / unsatisfactory / below expectations. However, …
Our study was unsuccessful / not successful in proving that …
Our research failed to account for / justify / explain / give an explanation for / give a reason for the
low values of …
Surprisingly / Unfortunately / Disappointingly / Regrettably, no signs of X were / evidence for X
was found.
What is surprising / we were surprised to find / we are unable to account for is the fact that …
A substantial / appreciable / noticeable disagreement is evident.
The Xs appear to be over-predicted / overestimated / overstated …
This number is slightly lower than the value we expected / anticipated / predicted and there is
certainly room for improvement.
We aware that our research may have two limitations. The first is … The second is … These
limitations highlight / reveal / underline / are evidence of the difficulty of collecting data on ….
It is plausible that a number of limitations may / might / could have influenced the results obtained.
First / To begin with … An additional / Another possible source of error is …
Since / Given that / As the focus of the study was on X … there is a possibility / there is some
likelihood / it is not inconceivable that dissimilar evaluations would have arisen if the focus had
been on Y.
The restricted use of X could account for / be the reason for / explain why …
There are several sources for / causes of / reasons for possible error.
A major source of unreliability / uncertainty / contamination is in the method used to …
Unfortunately, it was not possible / we were unable to investigate the significant relationships of X
and Y further because / due to the fact that Z is …
Inevitably / Not surprisingly / As expected / As anticipated, there were some discrepancies /
inaccuracies / problems due to …
The performance was rather / slightly / a little disappointing. This was probably as a result of …
One downside / disadvantage / negative factor regarding our methodology is that …
Further data collection is required / would be needed to determine exactly how X affects Y.
It is very likely / probable / possible that participants may have erroneously … and this may have led
to / brought about changes in …
The prime / primary / foremost cause of the discrepancy is due to / a result of / a consequence of X.
This apparent lack of correlation can be attributed to / explained by / justified by …
The reason for this rather contradictory result is still not entirely / completely clear, but …
There are several possible explanations for this result / finding / outcome.
These differences can be explained / justified / accounted for in part by …
It can thus be suggested / conceivably hypothesized / reasonably assumed that …
The unexpectedly high / low level of X is undoubtedly / certainly / without any doubt due to …
A possible / reasonable / satisfactory explanation for X may be that ….
Another possible explanation / rationalization / reason for this is that …
Clearly / Evidently / Naturally there may be other possible explanations.
This happened / occurred / may have happened / may have occurred because we had not examined X
sufficiently / in enough depth due to …
The reasons for this result are not yet wholly / completely / entirely understood.
It cannot be ruled out / ignored that there was some unintended bias in …
An unintended bias cannot be ruled out / should be taken into consideration.
We cannot rule out that X might / may have influenced Y.
The observed increase in X could be attributed to / might be explained by it / could be interpreted as
being a result of …
Despite the fact that / Although X was expected to do Y, it was not predicted that X would also do Z.
However, this is not particularly surprising given the fact / in light of the fact / if we consider that
…
Although performance was not ideal / perfect / optimal, we still / nevertheless believe that …
This poor performance was not unexpected / surprising / very significant. In fact …
This result was not expected / predicted / anticipated. However, the reason for this is probably / it is
likely that the reason for this is / it is probable that the reason for this is that …
Our investigations so far have only been on a small scale / applied to …
These discrepancies are negligible / can be neglected / considered as insignificant / are of no real
consequence due to the fact that …
Despite the limitations of this method, and consequently the poor results in Test 2, our findings do
nevertheless / in any case / however suggest that …
Given that / Since / On account of the fact that this was only a preliminary attempt to do X it is
hardly surprising that …
As is well known, Xs are extremely hard / difficult / problematic / time-consuming / cumbersome to
control, so / thus / consequently ….
In fact, X was beyond the scope of this study / not a primary goal in this research / not the focus of
this study / not attempted in this study.
Consequently, it is inevitable / understandable / not hard to appreciate / not surprising that …
Note / It should be noted / It is worthwhile noting that …
A / One limitation of our research is that the surveys were not conducted in the same period.
However / Nevertheless / Despite this, we can still state that …
We failed / were not able / were unable to find a link between x and y, but this may / might depend
on the methodology chosen for our research.
To the best of our knowledge / As far as we know / We believe that no other authors have found that
x = y.
It would seem / appear that …
Our findings would seem to show / demonstrate / suggest / imply that x = y.
This factor may be responsible / is probably responsible / could well be responsible for this result.
Presumably / We hypothesize / I argue that this factor is …
We believe that our method could be used / probably be usefully employed in…
Our approach would lend itself well for use by / may be useful for …
In our opinion / view, this method could be used in …
We believe / feel strongly that …
There is evidence to suggest / support the hypothesis that …
It is proposed / This may mean / It seems likely / It may be assumed that …
This implies / suggests / would appear to indicate that …
The results point to the likelihood / probability that …
There is a strong / definite / clear / good probability that …
In conclusion / In summary / In sum / To sum up, our work …
Our work has led us to conclude / the conclusion that …
We have presented / outlined / described …
In this paper / study / review we have …
This paper has investigated / explained / given an account of …
The evidence from this study suggests / implies / points towards the idea / intimates that …
The results / findings of this study indicate / support the idea / suggest that …
In general, / Taken together, these results suggest / would seem to suggest that …
An implication / A consequence / The upshot of this is the possibility that …
Our research / This paper has highlighted / stressed / underlined the importance of …
We have managed to do / succeeded in doing / been able to do / found a way to do X.
We have found an innovative / a new / a novel / a cutting-edge solution for …
We have obtained accurate / satisfactory / comprehensive results proving / demonstrating / showing
that …
We have devised a methodology / procedure / strategy which …
We have confirmed / provided further evidence / demonstrated that …
Considerable progress has been made / insight has been gained with regard to …
Taken together, these findings suggest / implicate / highlight a role for X
Our study provides the framework / a springboard / the backbone / the basis / a blueprint / an agenda
/ a stimulus / encouragement for a new way to do X.
The strength / strong point / value / impact / benefit / usefulness / significance / importance of our
work / study / contribution lies in …
X provides a powerful tool / methodology for …
X ensures / guarantees that X will do Y, and it can be generalized to …
Our investigations into this area are still ongoing / in progress and seem likely to confirm our
hypothesis.
These findings add to a growing body of literature on / substantially to our understanding of X.
Our work clearly has some limitations. Nevertheless / Despite this we believe our work could be the
basis / a framework / a starting point / a springboard for
Despite the fact that there are / In spite of the fact that / Although there are limitations due to Y, we
…
The most important limitation lies in / is due to / is a result of the fact that …
The current study was limited by / unable to / not specifically designed to…
The present study has only investigated / examined X. Therefore / Consequently …
The project / analysis / testing / sampling was limited in several ways. First, …
Finally, a number of potential limitations / weaknesses / shortfalls / shortcomings / weak points need
to be considered. First, …
However, given the small sample size, caution must be exercised / taken / used / applied.
The findings might not be transferable to / generalized to / representative of …
The picture / situation is thus still incomplete.
This study is the first step / has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of …
These observations have several / three main / many implications for research into …
This work has revealed / shown / highlighted / demonstrated / proved that …
The present findings might help to solve / have important implications for solving / suggest several
courses of action in order to solve this problem.
X is suitable for / has the potential to …
Our method / technique / approach / procedure could be applied to …
One possible / potential / promising application of our technique would be …
Results so far have been very promising / encouraging and …
This approach has the potential / requirements / characteristics / features to …
This could eventually / conceivably / potentially / hypothetically lead to …
Our data suggest that X could be used / exploited / taken advantage of / made use of in order to …
In our view these results are / constitute / represent an excellent initial step toward …
We believe / are confident that our results may improve knowledge about …
These early successes may hope to resolve / tackle / solve / deal with …
Another / An additional / A further important implication is …
Our research could help / be a useful aid for / possibly support decision makers because …
We think that our findings could / might be useful for …
We hope that our research will be helpful / useful / beneficial / constructive / valuable in solving the
difficulty of … At the same time / In addition / Further / Furthermore we believe that …
Our research suggests that the policy makers should encourage / it is important for policy makers to
encourage stakeholders to …
The findings of my research have serious / considerable / important managerial implications.
We are currently / now / in the process of investigating …
Research into solving this problem is already underway / in progress.
To further our research we plan / are planning / intend to …
Future work will concentrate on / focus on / explore / investigate / look into …
Further studies, which take X into account, will need to be undertaken / performed.
We hope that further tests will prove our theory / confirm our findings.
These topics are reserved for / deferred to future work.
Further work needs to be done / carried out / performed to establish whether …
Further experimental investigations / tests / studies are needed to estimate …
More / Additional / Further work on X, would help us to do Y.
We hope / believe / are confident that our research will serve as a base for future studies on …
It is recommended / We recommend / We suggest / We propose that further research should be
undertaken in the following areas:
More broadly / On a wider level, research is also needed to determine ….
This research has raised / given rise to / thrown up many questions in need of further investigation /
study / examination.
This is an important / a fundamental / a vital issue for future research.
The design and development of Xs will challenge / be a challenge for us for years.
Future work should concentrate / focus on enhancing the quality of X.
Future studies should target / aim at / examine / deal with / address X.
Future studies on the current topic are therefore required / needed / recommended / suggested in
order to establish / verify / validate / elucidate …
Our results are encouraging / promising and should be validated by a larger sample size.
These findings suggest the following directions / opportunities for future research: ….
An important issue / matter / question / problem to resolve for future studies is …
The prospect of being able to do X, serves as a continuous incentive for / stimulus for / impulse for /
spur to future research.
This work was carried out / performed within the framework of an EU project and was partly
sponsored by …
This research was made possible by / benefited from a grant from …
Support was given by the Institute of X, who funded the work in all its / its initial stages.
We thank / would like to thank the following people for their support, without whose help this work
would never have been possible:
We gratefully acknowledge the help provided by Dr. X / constructive comments of the anonymous
referees.
We are indebted / particularly grateful to Dr. Alvarez for …
We thank / are grateful to / gratefully acknowledge Dr. Y for her help / valuable suggestions and
discussions.
Thanks are also due to / The authors wish to thank Prof. X, who gave us much valuable advice in the
early stages of this work.
Dr. Y collaborated with / worked alongside our staff during this research project.
We also thank Prof. Lim for her ongoing collaboration with our department / technical assistance in
all our experimental work.
Table 1 compares / lists / details / summarizes the data on X.
Table 2 proves / shows / demonstrates / illustrates / highlights that X is …
Figure 1 presents / reports / shows / details the data on X.
Figure 3 pinpoints / indicates exactly where X meets Y.
As shown / highlighted / illustrated / detailed / can be seen in Fig. 1, the value of …
The value of X is greater when Y = 2 (Fig. 1 / Eq. 2)
The results on X can be seen / are compared / are presented in Fig. 1.
From the graph / photo / chart / histogram we can see / note that …
It can be seen in / is apparent from Fig. 1 that …
We observe / note from Table 1 that ..
The graph above / below / to the left / to the right shows that …
Figure 8 shows a clear trend / significant difference in …
The table is revealing / interesting in several ways. First …
If we now turn to / Turning now to / Let us know look at the second part …
As far as X is / Xs are concerned …
As regards / Regarding / Regarding the use of / As for X, it was found that …
As was mentioned / stated / noted / discussed / reported in the Methods, …
As reported above / previously / earlier / before …
As mentioned / stated / outlined in the literature review …
The above- / afore-mentioned X is …
More details on this will be given below / in the next section / in the appendix.
The following is / Here follows / Below is a list of …
Please refer to Appendix 2 / Table 6 / the Supplementary Material for….
As stated in the Introduction, our main aim / objective / target / purpose / goal was to …
As stated in the Introduction, the research was conducted / undertaken / carried out in order to …
Given that / Since our main aim was, as mentioned in the Introduction, to …
Before interpreting our results, we remind the reader of / would just like to restate our main aims.
Returning to the hypothesis / question posed at the beginning of this study, it is now possible to state
that …
See the respective handbook [Ref] for a description of X.
For a detailed review on this topic see [Ref].
More details on this topic can be found in [Ref].