本篇博文主要介绍 如何使用java.io包中提供的类读取和写入文本(或字符)文件
Reader, InputStreamReader, FileReader and BufferedReader
Reader是读取字符流的抽象类。 它实现以下基本方法:
- read(): reads a single character.
- read(char[]): reads an array of characters.
- skip(long): skips some characters.
- close(): closes the stream.
InputStreamReader是从字节流到字符流的桥梁。 它使用指定的字符集将字节转换为字符。 字符集可以是操作系统的默认字符编码,也可以在创建InputStreamReader时显式指定。
FileReader是使用操作系统的默认字符编码读取文本文件的便捷类。
BufferedReader从字符流中读取文本(字符被缓冲以避免从基础流中经常读取),并提供了一种方便的阅读文本行readLine()的方法。
我们来看下Reader的继承关系
Writer, OutputStreamWriter, FileWriter and BufferedWriter
Writer是写入字符流的抽象类。 它实现以下基本方法:
- write(int): writes a single character.
- write(char[]): writes an array of characters.
- write(String): writes a string.
- close(): closes the stream.
OutputStreamWriter是从字节流到字符流的桥梁。 使用指定的字符集将字符编码为字节。 字符集可以是操作系统的默认字符编码,也可以在创建OutputStreamWriter时显式指定。
FileWriter是使用操作系统的默认字符编码编写文本文件的便捷类。
BufferedWriter有效地将文本写入字符流(字符,数组和字符串被缓冲以避免频繁写入底层流),并为写入行分隔符newLine()提供了一种方便的方法。
Character Encoding and Charset
当构建reader 或者 writer 对象时,使用操作系统的默认字符编码
FileReader fileReader = new FileReader("myFile.txt");
FileWriter fileWriter = new FileWriter("YourFile.txt");
所以,如果我们要使用特定的字符集,请改用InputStreamReader或OutputStreamWriter
InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(
new FileInputStream("MyFile.txt"), "UTF-16");
这将创建一个具有Unicode字符编码UTF-16的InputStreamReader
构造具有UTF-8编码OutputStreamWriter
OutputStreamWriter osw = new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream("MyFile.txt"), "UTF-8");
如果我们想使用BufferedReader,只需将InputStreamReader包装在其中,例如:
BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream("MyFile.txt"), "UTF-8"));
同样的 BufferedWriter 如下
OutputStreamWriter osw = new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream("MyFile.txt"), "UTF-16");
BufferedWriter bufferedWriter = new BufferedWriter(osw);
示例
BufferedReader
示例一: 从文件MyFile.txt读取单个字符,并将所有字符打印到输出控制台:
@Test
public void test() {
FileReader fileReader = null;
try {
fileReader = new FileReader(new File("D:/xgj.txt"));
int character;
while ((character = fileReader.read()) != -1) {
System.out.println((char) character);
}
// close stream
fileReader.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
示例二 读取文本文件,假设编码为UTF-8:
@Test
public void test() {
InputStreamReader in;
try {
in = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(new File("D:/xgj.txt")), "UTF-8");
int character;
while ((character = in.read()) != -1) {
System.out.println((char) character);
}
// close stream
in.close();
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
示例三 使用BufferedReader逐行读取文本文件(这是最有效和首选的方式):
@Test
public void test() {
BufferedReader bufferedReader;
try {
bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(new File("D:/xgj.txt")));
String line;
while ((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(line);
}
// close stream
bufferedReader.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
BufferedWriter
使用FileWriter将两个单词“Hello World”和“Good Bye!”写入名为MyFile.txt的文件:
@Test
public void test() {
FileWriter fileWriter;
try {
// If the second argument is true, then bytes will be written to the
// end of the file rather than the beginning.
fileWriter = new FileWriter(new File("D:/MyFile.txt"), true);
fileWriter.write("Hello World");
fileWriter.write("\r\n"); // write new line
fileWriter.write("Good Bye!");
// close stream
fileWriter.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
请注意,FileWriter默认使用操作系统的默认字符编码。 如果文件不存在将创建一个新的文件,存在则覆盖现有的。
如果要将文本附加到现有文件,请将FileWriter类的构造函数第二个入参true.
如下:
FileWriter writer = new FileWriter("MyFile.txt", true);
示例二 使用一个包含FileWriter的BufferedWriter 来将文本附加到现有文件中:
这是写入文本文件的首选方法,因为BufferedWriter 提供了写入字符流的有效方式。
@Test
public void test() {
BufferedWriter bufferedWriter;
try {
bufferedWriter = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("D:/Myfile.txt", true));
bufferedWriter.write("Hello World");
bufferedWriter.newLine(); // 分隔符
bufferedWriter.write("See You Again!");
// close stream
bufferedWriter.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
以下示例在写入文件时指定特定字符编码(UTF-8):
@Test
public void test() {
try {
FileOutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream("D:/MyFile.txt");
OutputStreamWriter outputStreamWriter = new OutputStreamWriter(outputStream, "UTF-8");
BufferedWriter bufferedWriter = new BufferedWriter(outputStreamWriter);
bufferedWriter.write("Hello");
bufferedWriter.newLine();
bufferedWriter.write("I/O");
// close stream
bufferedWriter.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
注意:
从Java 7开始,我们可以使用try-with-resources语句简化打开和关闭读写器的代码。 例如:
try (FileReader reader = new FileReader("MyFile.txt")) {
int character;
while ((character = reader.read()) != -1) {
System.out.print((char) character);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}