// 获得第一个图层
IFeatureLayer fly = axMapControl1.get_Layer(0) as IFeatureLayer;
// 获得属性表
IFeatureClass fc = fly.FeatureClass;
// 获得游标
IFeatureCursor cursor = fc.Search(null, true);
// 获得游标所代表的值
IFeature fea = cursor.NextFeature();
int cnt = 0;
// 对属性表的记录进行遍历
while (fea != null) {
cnt += 1;
fea = cursor.NextFeature();
}
MessageBox.Show(cnt.ToString());

如果要定义查询过滤器

IQueryFilter filter = new QueryFilterClass();
filter.WhereClause = "NAME='济公'"; // 查询字段要大写

还有一种方法是ISelectFeature接口,在此不做说明,可自行查阅