Lock_sga 和 pre_page_sga 参数详解
Lock_sga 和pre_page_sga，是两个平时用的不算太多的参数，但是这两个参数平时在优化的时候可能给你带来比较乐观的性能提升，通过修改lock_sga和pre_pga_sga参数可以保证SGA不被换出到swap，进而而已提高SGA的使用效率。
当lock_sga参数的值修改设置为true的时候，可以保证整个sga被锁定在物理内存中，这样可以防止sga被换出到swap中；当然理当需要把pre_page_sga参数也设置为true，只有这样才能保证在数据库启动之初将整个sga读取到物理内存，而不走交换内存，从而有效的提高数据库效率，当然会增加数据库的启动时间。
调整过程如下:
1、 查看lock_sga和pre_page_sga参数的默认值：
SQL> show parameter lock_sga
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------
lock_sga boolean FALSE
SQL> show parameter pre_page_sga
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------
pre_page_sga boolean FALSE
2、 修改这两个参数，因为其是静态参数，故在添加scop=spfile，记录到参数文件，下次启动生效：
SQL> alter system set lock_sga = truescope=spfile;
System altered.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.03
SQL> alter system set pre_page_sga = truescope=spfile;
System altered.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.02
SQL>
3、 重启数据库
SQL> startup
ORA-27102: out of memory
Linux-x86_64 Error: 12: Cannot allocate memory
SQL>
发现数据库现在起不来了，想想看，这是什么原因导致启动失败呢，其实很简单，Linux操作系统对每一个任务在内存中能锁住的值做了限制，只需手工修改即可。
4、 处理解决ora-27102及Linux-x86_64 Error:12问题：
[oracle@woo ~]$ ulimit -a
core file size (blocks, -c) 0
data seg size (kbytes, -d) unlimited
scheduling priority (-e) 0
file size (blocks, -f) unlimited
pending signals (-i) 32768
max locked memory (kbytes, -l) 32
max memory size (kbytes, -m) unlimited
open files (-n) 65536
pipe size (512 bytes, -p) 8
POSIX message queues (bytes, -q) 819200
real-time priority (-r) 0
stack size (kbytes, -s) 10240
cpu time (seconds, -t) unlimited
max user processes (-u) 16384
virtual memory (kbytes, -v) unlimited
file locks (-x) unlimited
从上面信息我们可以看到，一个任务可以锁住的物理内存最大值为32KB，这个值根本没法满足我们sga的大小。那么我们需要对该值进行修改，使其适应及满足相关要求。
5、 修改有两种方法：
5.1、临时生效可以切换到root用户通过如下命令，进行修改:
[root@woo ~]# ulimit -l
32
[root@woo ~]# ulimit -l unlimited
[root@woo ~]# ulimit -a
core file size (blocks, -c) 0
data seg size (kbytes, -d) unlimited
scheduling priority (-e) 0
file size (blocks, -f) unlimited
pending signals (-i) 32768
max locked memory (kbytes, -l) unlimited
max memory size (kbytes, -m) unlimited
open files (-n) 1024
pipe size (512 bytes, -p) 8
POSIX message queues (bytes, -q) 819200
real-time priority (-r) 0
stack size (kbytes, -s) 10240
cpu time (seconds, -t) unlimited
max user processes (-u) 32768
virtual memory (kbytes, -v) unlimited
file locks (-x) unlimited
5.2 让其永久生效的方法：
[root@woo ~]# vi /etc/security/limits.conf 最底部添加如下两行
oracle soft memlock unlimited
oracle hard memlock unlimited
6、 修改系统限制成功后，启动数据库，可以正常Open，但是时间更长了。
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 6081740870 bytes
Fixed Size 1220844 bytes
Variable Size 197136148 bytes
Database Buffers 406847488 bytes
Redo Buffers 2969600 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL>
7、 参考:
关于locak_sga 及 pre_page_sga 参数在ORACLE10gR2官方文档中的介绍：
LOCK_SGA
Property | Description |
Parameter type | Boolean |
Default value | false |
Modifiable | No |
Range of values | true | false |
Basic | No |
LOCK_SGAlocks the entire SGA into physical memory. It is usually advisable to lockthe SGA into real (physical) memory, especially if the use of virtual memorywould include storing some of the SGA using disk space. This parameter isignored on platforms that do not support it.
PRE_PAGE_SGA
Property | Description |
Parameter type | Boolean |
Default value | false |
Modifiable | No |
Range of values | true | false |
PRE_PAGE_SGAdetermines whether Oracle reads the entire SGA into memory at instancestartup. Operating system page table entries are then prebuilt for each page ofthe SGA. This setting can increase the amount of time necessary for instancestartup, but it is likely to decrease the amount of time necessary for Oracleto reach its full performance capacity after startup.
Note:
This setting does not prevent your operating system from paging orswapping the SGA after it is initially read into memory.
PRE_PAGE_SGAcan increase the process startup duration, because every process thatstarts must access every page in the SGA. The cost of this strategy is fixed;however, you might simply determine that 20,000 pages must be touched everytime a process starts. This approach can be useful with some applications, butnot with all applications. Overhead can be significant if your systemfrequently creates and destroys processes by, for example, continually loggingon and logging off.
The advantage thatPRE_PAGE_SGAcan afford depends on page size. For example, if the SGA is 80 MB in sizeand the page size is 4 KB, then 20,000 pages must be touched to refresh the SGA(80,000/4 = 20,000).
If the system permits you to set a 4 MB page size, then only 20 pages mustbe touched to refresh the SGA (80,000/4,000 = 20). The page size is operatingsystem-specific and generally cannot be changed. Some operating systems,however, have a special implementation for shared memory whereby you can changethe page size.
慎重提醒:不同操作系统对着lock_sga参数的支持情况是不同的，如果操作系统不支持这种锁定，参数将忽略。
