目录:面向对象的三大特征:封装、继承、多态

           1.继承

           2、继承的属性查找:

                       单继承下的属性查找

                       多继承下的属性查找

            3.super和mro列表

            4.多态

 

 

 

一、继承

1.什么是继承:继承是一种创建新类的方式,新建出来的类我们称之为子类或者派生类,被继承的类称之为父类或者基类

2.为何要用继承:

   类解决的是对象与对象之间的代码冗余问题

   继承解决的是类与类之间的代码冗余问题

3.如何使用继承

     新式类:继承了object类的子子孙孙类都是新式类

     经典类:不继承object类的子子孙孙类都是经典类

     新式类和经典类只在python2中区分

     在python3中都是新式类

  4.子类如何使用父类的属性

    (1)、指名道姓:People.__init__(self,name,age,gender)

    (2)、super()

class Parent1(object):
    pass


class Parent2(object):
    pass


class Sub1(Parent1):
    pass


class Sub2(Parent1, Parent2):
    pass


print(Parent1.__bases__)
print(Parent2.__bases__)
print(Sub1.__bases__)
print(Sub2.__bases__)    

执行结果
(<class 'object'>,)
(<class 'object'>,)
(<class '__main__.Parent1'>,)
(<class '__main__.Parent1'>, <class '__main__.Parent2'>)

提示:如果没有指定基类,python的类会默认继承object类,object是所有python类的基类,它提供了一些常见方法(如__str__)的实现。

class People():
    school = 'SH'

    def __init__(self, name, age, gender):
        # self => stu
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.gender = gender


class Student(People):
    def __init__(self, name, age, gender, course=None):
        if course is None:
            course = []
        self.courses = course
        # self => stu
        People.__init__(self, name, age, gender)  # 普通方法, 指名道姓的调用方法

    def choose_course(self, course):
        # stu_dic['course'].append(course)
        # stu_obj['course'].append(course)
        # stu_obj.courses.append(course)
        # self.courses.append(course)
        self.courses.append(course)
        print("%s选课成功%s" % (self.name, self.courses))


stu = Student('egon', 19, 'male')  # Student(stu, 'egon', 19, 'male')


# print(stu.school)
# print(stu.name)
# print(stu.age)
# print(stu.gender)


class Teacher(People):
    def __init__(self, name, age, gender, level):
        self.level = level
        People.__init__(self, name, age, gender)  # 普通方法, 指名道姓的调用方法

    def score(self, stu_obj, score):
        stu_obj.score = score
        print("%s给%s打了%s分" % (self.name, stu_obj.name, score))

tea = Teacher('ly', 18, 'male', 10)
print(tea.name)
print(tea.age)
print(tea.level)

2.继承的属性的查找

(1)单继承下属性的查找

class Foo:
    def f1(self):
        print("foo.f1")
    def f2(self):
        print("foo.f2")
        self.f1()  #self=>obj
class Bar(Foo):
    def f1(self):
        print("Bar.f1")

obj=Bar()
obj.f2()
执行结果
foo.f2
Bar.f1
class Foo:
    def __f1(self):    #def _Foo__f1()
        print("foo.f1")
    def f2(self):
        print("foo.f2")
        self.__f1()         #self._Foo__f1()
class Bar(Foo):
    def __f1(self):     #def _Bar__f1()
        print("Bar.f1")

obj=Bar()
obj.f2()

执行结果
foo.f2
foo.f1

(2)多继承下的属性查找

class G(object):
    # def test(self):
    #     print('from G')
    pass

class F(G):
    # def test(self):
    #     print('from F')
    pass


class C(F):
    # def test(self):
    #     print('from C')
    pass


class D(G):
    # def test(self):
    #     print('from D')
    pass


class E(G):
    # def test(self):
    #     print('from E')
    pass


class H():
    def test(self):
        print('from H')
    pass


class B(E, H):
    # def test(self):
    #     print('from B')
    pass


class A(B, C, D):
    # def test(self):
    #     print('from A')

    pass


# f1 = A()
# f1.test()
# print(A.__mro__)

f1 = E()
# f1.test()
print(E.__mro__)

面向对象 03_多态

 

 

 

 

 

面向对象 03_调用方法_02

 

 3.super与mro列表

# class People():
#     school = 'SH'
#
#     def __init__(self, name, age, gender):
#         # self => stu
#         self.name = name
#         self.age = age
#         self.gender = gender
#
#
# class Student(People):
#     def __init__(self, name, age, gender, course=None):
#         if course is None:
#             course = []
#         self.courses = course
#         # self => stu
#         # People.__init__(self, name, age, gender)  # 普通方法, 指名道姓的调用方法
#         # super(Student, self).__init__(name, age, gender) # python2 super(Student, self) 返回的是一个特殊的对象
#         super().__init__(name, age, gender) # python3 super(Student, self) 返回的是一个特殊的对象
#         # 他遵从mro列表
#     def choose_course(self, course):
#         self.courses.append(course)
#         print("%s选课成功%s" % (self.name, self.courses))
#
#
# stu = Student('egon', 18, 'male')
# print(stu.name)
# print(stu.age)
# print(stu.gender)
#
# class Teacher(People):
#     def __init__(self, name, age, gender, level):
#         self.level = level
#         People.__init__(self, name, age, gender)  # 普通方法, 指名道姓的调用方法
#
#     def score(self, stu_obj, score):
#         stu_obj.score = score
#         print("%s给%s打了%s分" % (self.name, stu_obj.name, score))
# A没有继承B,但是A内super会基于C.mro()继续往后找
# class A:
#     def test(self):
#         print("A.test")
#         super().test()
#
#
# class B:
#     def test(self):
#         print('from B')
#
#
# class C(A, B):
#     pass
#
#
# c = C()
# c.test()  # 打印结果:from B
# print(C.mro())

class A:
    def test(self):
        print('A---->test')
        super().aaa()


class B:
    def test(self):
        print('B---->test')

    def aaa(self):
        print('B---->aaa')


class C(A, B):
    def aaa(self):
        print('C----->aaa')


# c = C()
# c.test()  # 打印结果:
# print(C.__mro__)

a = A()
# a.test()
print(A.__mro__)

4.多态与多态性

   多态指的是一类事物有多种状态   

    水:固态、液态、气态

    动物有多种形态:人、狗、猪

   继承:子类使用父类的属性

   多态带来的特性:在不考虑对象的数据类型的情况下,直接调用方法

   #抽象类只能被继承,不能被实例化

import abc   #abstract 抽象类
class Animal(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta): #同一类事物:动物
    @abc.abstractmethod    #抽象方法
    def talk(self):
        pass

class People(Animal): #动物的形态之一:人
    def talk(self):
        print('say hello')

class Dog(Animal): #动物的形态之二:狗
    def talk(self):
        print('say wangwang')

class Pig(Animal): #动物的形态之三:猪
    def talk(self):
        print('say aoao')

python中不推荐上面的写法,推荐下面的写法
class People(): 
    def talk(self):
        print('say hello')
pass class Dog(): def talk(self): print('say wangwang')
pass class Pig(): def talk(self): print('say aoao')
pass
obj1=People()
obj1=Dog()
obj1=Pig()
#obj1.speak()

def animal(animal):
return animal.speak()

animal(obj1)

 

peo=People()
dog=Dog()
pig=Pig()

#peo、dog、pig都是动物,只要是动物肯定有talk方法
#于是我们可以不用考虑它们三者的具体是什么类型,而直接使用
peo.talk()
dog.talk()
pig.talk()

#更进一步,我们可以定义一个统一的接口来使用
def func(obj):
    obj.talk()

 

 

多态性:分为静态多态性与动态多态性

 静态多态性:如任何类型都可以用运算符+进行运算