最近研究了下google protobuf协议,顺便对比了一下json,xml,java序列化相关的数据对比,从几个纬度进行对比。
别人的相关测试数据: http://code.google.com/p/thrift-protobuf-compare/wiki/Benchmarking
测试纬度
- 序列化时间
- 反序列化时间
- bytes大小
测试代码
准备protobuf文件
Message.proto文件代码
- import "InnerMessage.proto";
- package demo;
- option java_package = "com.agapple.protobuf.data";
- option java_outer_classname = "MessageProtos";
- option optimize_for = SPEED ; //CODE_SIZE,LITE_RUNTIME
- option java_generic_services = false;
- message Message {
- required string strObj = 1 [default="hello"];
- optional int32 int32Obj = 2;
- optional int64 int64Obj = 3;
- optional uint32 uint32Obj = 4;
- optional uint64 uint64Obj = 5;
- optional sint32 sint32Obj = 6;
- optional sint64 sint64Obj = 7;
- optional fixed32 fixed32Obj = 8;
- optional fixed64 fixed64Obj = 9;
- optional sfixed32 sfixed32Obj = 10;
- optional sfixed64 sfixed64Obj = 11;
- optional bool boolObj = 12;
- optional bytes bytesObj = 13;
- optional float folatObj = 14 [deprecated=true];
- repeated double doubleObj = 15 [packed=true]; //
- optional InnerMessage innerMessage = 16;
- }
Innermessage.proto代码
- import "EnumType.proto";
- package demo;
- option java_package = "com.agapple.protobuf.data";
- option java_outer_classname = "InnerMessageProtos";
- message InnerMessage {
- optional string name = 1 [default = "name"];
- optional int32 id = 2;
- optional EnumType type = 3 [default = UNIVERSAL];
- }
Enumtype.proto代码
- package demo;
- option java_package = "com.agapple.protobuf.data";
- option java_outer_classname = "EnumTypeProtos";
- enum EnumType {
- UNIVERSAL = 0;
- WEB = 1;
- IMAGES = 2;
- LOCAL = 3;
- NEWS = 4;
- PRODUCTS = 5;
- VIDEO = 6;
- }
基本上把protobuf支持的类型都囊括了,包括嵌套类型,枚举类型,以及各种int,uint,bool,bytes。
依赖关系是Message.proto依赖了InnerMessage对象,而InnerMessage对象里包含了一个自定义枚举类型EnumType。
关于类型的使用可参见:
http://code.google.com/intl/zh/apis/protocolbuffers/docs/reference/java-generated.html
http://code.google.com/intl/zh/apis/protocolbuffers/docs/proto.html
生成protobuf javabean
C代码
- cd /home/ljh/work/code/src/main/java
- /home/ljh/work/protobuf/bin/protoc --proto_path=com/agapple/protobuf/ --java_out=. com/agapple/protobuf/EnumType.proto
- /home/ljh/work/protobuf/bin/protoc --proto_path=com/agapple/protobuf/ --java_out=. com/agapple/protobuf/InnerMessage.proto
- /home/ljh/work/protobuf/bin/protoc --proto_path=com/agapple/protobuf/ --java_out=. com/agapple/protobuf/Message.proto
通过protobuf自带的protoc进行编译,指定了protobuf文件的路径, 具体的文档: http://code.google.com/intl/zh/apis/protocolbuffers/docs/proto.html#generating
运行脚本后就会生成对应的3个javabean文件: MessageProtos , InnerMessageProtos , EnumTypeProtos。
最后构造测试的protobuf bean代码
Java代码
- private static MessageProtos.Message getProtobufBean() {
- com.agapple.protobuf.data.MessageProtos.Message.Builder messageBuilder = MessageProtos.Message.newBuilder();
- messageBuilder.setStrObj("message");
- messageBuilder.setFolatObj(1f);
- messageBuilder.addDoubleObj(1d);
- messageBuilder.addDoubleObj(2d);
- messageBuilder.setBoolObj(true);
- messageBuilder.setBytesObj(ByteString.copyFrom(new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 }));
- messageBuilder.setInt32Obj(32);
- messageBuilder.setInt64Obj(64l);
- messageBuilder.setSint32Obj(232);
- messageBuilder.setSint64Obj(264);
- messageBuilder.setFixed32Obj(532);
- messageBuilder.setFixed64Obj(564);
- messageBuilder.setSfixed32Obj(2532);
- messageBuilder.setSfixed64Obj(2564);
- messageBuilder.setUint32Obj(632);
- messageBuilder.setUint64Obj(664);
- com.agapple.protobuf.data.InnerMessageProtos.InnerMessage.Builder innerMessageBuilder = InnerMessageProtos.InnerMessage.newBuilder();
- innerMessageBuilder.setId(1);
- innerMessageBuilder.setName("inner");
- innerMessageBuilder.setType(EnumType.PRODUCTS);
- messageBuilder.setInnerMessage(innerMessageBuilder);
- return messageBuilder.build();
- }
准备纯Pojo Bean
同样的,为了和json , xml以及java序列化有个很好的对比,新建了3个纯的pojo bean: MessagePojo , InnerMessagePojo , EnumTypePojo。
属性和proto的bean保持一致。
构建bean对象
Java代码
- private static MessagePojo getPojoBean() {
- MessagePojo bean = new MessagePojo();
- bean.setStrObj("message");
- bean.setFolatObj(1f);
- List<Double> doubleObj = new ArrayList<Double>();
- doubleObj.add(1d);
- doubleObj.add(2d);
- bean.setDoubleObj(doubleObj);
- bean.setBoolObj(true);
- bean.setBytesObj(new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 });
- bean.setInt32Obj(32);
- bean.setInt64Obj(64l);
- bean.setSint32Obj(232);
- bean.setSint64Obj(264);
- bean.setFixed32Obj(532);
- bean.setFixed64Obj(564);
- bean.setSfixed32Obj(2532);
- bean.setSfixed64Obj(2564);
- bean.setUint32Obj(632);
- bean.setUint64Obj(664);
- InnerMessagePojo innerMessagePojo = new InnerMessagePojo();
- innerMessagePojo.setId(1);
- innerMessagePojo.setName("inner");
- innerMessagePojo.setType(EnumTypePojo.PRODUCTS);
- bean.setInnerMessage(innerMessagePojo);
- return bean;
- }
具体的测试代码
定义测试Template接口
Java代码
- interface TestCallback {
- String getName();
- byte[] writeObject(Object source);
- Object readObject(byte[] bytes);
- }
统一的测试模板
Java代码
- private static void testTemplate(TestCallback callback, Object source, int count) {
- int warmup = 10;
- // 先进行预热,加载一些类,避免影响测试
- for (int i = 0; i < warmup; i++) {
- byte[] bytes = callback.writeObject(source);
- callback.readObject(bytes);
- }
- restoreJvm(); // 进行GC回收
- // 进行测试
- long start = System.nanoTime();
- long size = 0l;
- for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
- byte[] bytes = callback.writeObject(source);
- size = size + bytes.length;
- callback.readObject(bytes);
- // System.out.println(callback.readObject(bytes));
- bytes = null;
- }
- long nscost = (System.nanoTime() - start);
- System.out.println(callback.getName() + " total cost=" + integerFormat.format(nscost) + "ns , each cost="
- + integerFormat.format(nscost / count) + "ns , and byte sizes = " + size / count);
- restoreJvm();// 进行GC回收
- }
在测试模板方法中,使用了warmup预热的概念,就是预先执行目标方法一定的次数,用于避免因为jit的优化影响系统测试。 同时包含了每次测试模板调用完成后system.gc保证下一轮的功能测试
相应的restoreJvm方法:
Java代码
- private static void restoreJvm() {
- int maxRestoreJvmLoops = 10;
- long memUsedPrev = memoryUsed();
- for (int i = 0; i < maxRestoreJvmLoops; i++) {
- System.runFinalization();
- System.gc();
- long memUsedNow = memoryUsed();
- // break early if have no more finalization and get constant mem used
- if ((ManagementFactory.getMemoryMXBean().getObjectPendingFinalizationCount() == 0)
- && (memUsedNow >= memUsedPrev)) {
- break;
- } else {
- memUsedPrev = memUsedNow;
- }
- }
- }
- private static long memoryUsed() {
- Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime();
- return rt.totalMemory() - rt.freeMemory();
- }
最后相应的测试例子:
Java代码
- final int testCount = 1000 * 500;
- final MessageProtos.Message protoObj = getProtobufBean();
- final MessagePojo pojoOBj = getPojoBean();
- // Serializable测试
- testTemplate(new TestCallback() {
- public String getName() {
- return "Serializable Test";
- }
- @Override
- public byte[] writeObject(Object source) {
- try {
- ByteArrayOutputStream bout = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
- ObjectOutputStream output = new ObjectOutputStream(bout);
- output.writeObject(source);
- return bout.toByteArray();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return null;
- }
- @Override
- public Object readObject(byte[] bytes) {
- try {
- ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
- ObjectInputStream input = new ObjectInputStream(bin);
- return input.readObject();
- } catch (Exception e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return null;
- }
- }, pojoOBj, testCount);
- // protobuf测试
- testTemplate(new TestCallback() {
- public String getName() {
- return "protobuf test";
- }
- @Override
- public byte[] writeObject(Object source) {
- if (source instanceof MessageProtos.Message) {
- MessageProtos.Message message = (MessageProtos.Message) source;
- return message.toByteArray();
- }
- return null;
- }
- @Override
- public Object readObject(byte[] bytes) {
- try {
- return MessageProtos.Message.parseFrom(bytes);
- } catch (InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return null;
- }
- }, protoObj, testCount);
- // json测试
- final ObjectMapper objectMapper = new ObjectMapper();
- final JavaType javaType = TypeFactory.type(pojoOBj.getClass());
- // JSON configuration not to serialize null field
- objectMapper.getSerializationConfig().setSerializationInclusion(JsonSerialize.Inclusion.NON_NULL);
- // JSON configuration not to throw exception on empty bean class
- objectMapper.getSerializationConfig().disable(SerializationConfig.Feature.FAIL_ON_EMPTY_BEANS);
- // JSON configuration for compatibility
- objectMapper.configure(Feature.ALLOW_UNQUOTED_FIELD_NAMES, true);
- objectMapper.configure(Feature.ALLOW_UNQUOTED_CONTROL_CHARS, true);
- testTemplate(new TestCallback() {
- public String getName() {
- return "Jackson Test";
- }
- @Override
- public byte[] writeObject(Object source) {
- try {
- return objectMapper.writeValueAsBytes(source);
- } catch (JsonGenerationException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (JsonMappingException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return null;
- }
- @Override
- public Object readObject(byte[] bytes) {
- try {
- return objectMapper.readValue(bytes, 0, bytes.length, javaType);
- } catch (JsonParseException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (JsonMappingException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return null;
- }
- }, pojoOBj, testCount);
- // Xstream测试
- final XStream xstream = new XStream();
- testTemplate(new TestCallback() {
- public String getName() {
- return "Xstream test";
- }
- @Override
- public byte[] writeObject(Object source) {
- return xstream.toXML(source).getBytes();
- }
- @Override
- public Object readObject(byte[] bytes) {
- return xstream.fromXML(new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));
- }
- }, pojoOBj, testCount);
2011年3月10号补充 =========================================================
增加了hessian 3.1.5版本基于二进制序列化的测试
Xml代码
- <dependency>
- <groupId>com.caucho</groupId>
- <artifactId>hessian</artifactId>
- <version>3.1.5</version>
- </dependency>
测试了3种情况:
- hessian 2协议
- hessian 2协议 + deflat压缩
- hessian 1协议
测试代码:
Java代码
- // hessian 2 with no deflat
- testTemplate(new TestCallback() {
- public String getName() {
- return "hessian 2 with no deflat";
- }
- @Override
- public byte[] writeObject(Object source) {
- try {
- ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
- Hessian2Output out = new Hessian2Output(bos);
- // out.startMessage();
- out.writeObject(source);
- // out.completeMessage();
- out.flush();
- return bos.toByteArray();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return null;
- }
- @Override
- public Object readObject(byte[] bytes) {
- try {
- ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
- Hessian2Input in = new Hessian2Input(bin);
- // in.startMessage();
- Object obj = in.readObject();
- // in.completeMessage();
- return obj;
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return null;
- }
- }, pojoOBj, testCount);
- // hessian 2 with deflat
- final Deflation envelope = new Deflation();
- testTemplate(new TestCallback() {
- public String getName() {
- return "hessian 2 with deflat";
- }
- @Override
- public byte[] writeObject(Object source) {
- try {
- ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
- Hessian2Output out = new Hessian2Output(bos);
- out = envelope.wrap(out);
- out.writeObject(source);
- out.flush();
- out.close(); // 记得关闭
- return bos.toByteArray();
- } catch (Exception e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return null;
- }
- @Override
- public Object readObject(byte[] bytes) {
- try {
- ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
- Hessian2Input in = new Hessian2Input(bin);
- in = envelope.unwrap(in);
- Object obj = in.readObject();
- in.close();
- return obj;
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return null;
- }
- }, pojoOBj, testCount);
- // hessian 1 with no deflat
- testTemplate(new TestCallback() {
- public String getName() {
- return "hessian 1 with no deflat";
- }
- @Override
- public byte[] writeObject(Object source) {
- try {
- ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
- HessianOutput out = new HessianOutput(bos);
- out.writeObject(source);
- out.flush();
- return bos.toByteArray();
- } catch (Exception e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return null;
- }
- @Override
- public Object readObject(byte[] bytes) {
- try {
- ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
- HessianInput in = new HessianInput(bin);
- Object obj = in.readObject();
- in.close();
- return obj;
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- return null;
- }
- }, pojoOBj, testCount);
测试结果
序列化数据对比
bytes字节数对比
具体的数字:
| protobuf | jackson | xstream | Serializable | hessian2 | hessian2压缩 | hessian1 |
序列化(单位ns) | 1154 | 5421 | 92406 | 10189 | 26794 | 100766 | 29027 |
反序列化(单位ns) | 1334 | 8743 | 117329 | 64027 | 37871 | 188432 | 37596 |
bytes | 97 | 311 | 664 | 824 | 374 | 283 | 495 |
- protobuf 不管是处理时间上,还是空间占用上都优于现有的其他序列化方式。内存暂用是java 序列化的1/9,时间也是差了一个数量级,一次操作在1us左右。缺点:就是对象结构体有限制,只适合于内部系统使用。
- json格式在空间占用还是有一些优势,是java序列化的1/2.6。序列化和反序列化处理时间上差不多,也就在5us。当然这次使用的jackson,如果使用普通的jsonlib可能没有这样好的性能,jsonlib估计跟java序列化差不多。
- xml相比于java序列化来说,空间占用上有点优势,但不明显。处理时间上比java序列化多了一个数量级,在100us左右。
- 以前一种的java序列化,表现得有些失望
- hessian测试有点意外,具体序列化数据上还步入json。性能上也不如jackjson,输得比较彻底。
- hessian使用压缩,虽然在字节上有20%以上的空间提升,但性能上差了4,5倍,典型的以时间换空间。总的来说还是google protobuf比较给力
总结
以后在内部系统,数据cache存储上可以考虑使用protobuf。跟外部系统交互上可以考虑使用json。
有兴趣的同学,可以研究一下google protobuf的marshall的方式:http://code.google.com/intl/zh/apis/protocolbuffers/docs/encoding.html