java并发编程核心JUC,JUC的核心是AQS,而AQS的核心是Unsafe使用的CAS(compare and swap)。
AQS全称:AbstractQuenedSynchronizer抽象的队列式同步器。
AQS定义了一套多线程访问共享资源的同步器框架,许多同步类实现都依赖于它。如:ReentrantLock/Semaphore/CountDownLatch...。
大白话,AQS就是基于CLH队列,用volatile修饰共享变量state,线程通过CAS去改变状态符,成功则获取锁成功,失败则进入等待队列,等待被唤醒。

深入理解,多线程访问共享资源涉及步骤(ReentrantLock为例):
抢锁

// 尝试获取锁 成功返回true,失败返回false
// 失败则进行入队操作
public final void acquire(int arg) {
    if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
        acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
        selfInterrupt();
}

        // 公平锁与非公平锁实现不同 公平锁
        protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
            final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
            int c = getState();
            // 判断是否已锁
            if (c == 0) {
                // 是否有队列有队列直接返回false 抢锁失败
                // cas抢锁,抢锁成功设置当前线程
                if (!hasQueuedPredecessors() &&
                    compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
                    setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
                    return true;
                }
            }
            // 重入锁
            else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
                int nextc = c + acquires;
                if (nextc < 0)
                    throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
                setState(nextc);
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
        // 非公平锁直接强锁
        final boolean nonfairTryAcquire(int acquires) {
            final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
            int c = getState();
            // 判断是否已锁
            if (c == 0) {
                if (compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
                    setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
                    return true;
                }
            }
            // 重入锁
            else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
                int nextc = c + acquires;
                if (nextc < 0) // overflow
                    throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
                setState(nextc);
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

入队

    // 入队前先创建节点
    if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
            acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
            selfInterrupt();
    // 创建节点
    private Node addWaiter(Node mode) {
        Node node = new Node(Thread.currentThread(), mode);
        // Try the fast path of enq; backup to full enq on failure
        Node pred = tail;
        // 尾节点存在 证明队列存在 直接放入队列尾部
        if (pred != null) {
            node.prev = pred;
            if (compareAndSetTail(pred, node)) {
                pred.next = node;
                return node;
            }
        }
        // 
        enq(node);
        return node;
    }
    // 队列不存在情况 创建两个节点,头结点作为 当前持有锁的节点
    private Node enq(final Node node) {
        for (;;) {
            Node t = tail;
            if (t == null) { // Must initialize
                if (compareAndSetHead(new Node()))
                    tail = head;
            } else {
                node.prev = t;
                if (compareAndSetTail(t, node)) {
                    t.next = node;
                    return t;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    // 入队操作:总结就是我是下一个头结点就跳出循环 否则一直循环等待我是下一个头结点
    final boolean acquireQueued(final Node node, int arg) {
        boolean failed = true; // 入队失败标记
        try {
            boolean interrupted = false;// 中断标记
            // 自旋
            for (;;) {
                // 当前节点的前节点是头结点证明直接下一个就能轮到他 进行获取锁,点尝试获取锁,获取成功把自己设置为头节点,之前的头结点需要GC回收
                final Node p = node.predecessor();
                if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
                    setHead(node);
                    p.next = null; // help GC
                    failed = false;
                    return interrupted;
                }
                // 不是下一个要处理的节点,就通过park()进入等待状态。直到被唤醒
                // 如果自己可以休息了,就通过park()进入waiting状态,直到被unpark()。如果不可中断的情况下被中断了,那么会从park()中醒过来,发现拿不到资源,从而继续进入park()等待。
                if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
                    parkAndCheckInterrupt())
                    interrupted = true;
            }
        } finally {
            if (failed)
                cancelAcquire(node);
        }
    }
    // 设置自己等待waiting 如果
    private static boolean shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(Node pred, Node node) {
        int ws = pred.waitStatus; // 等待标记
        if (ws == Node.SIGNAL) // 前节点 正处于等待标记(停止休息)
            /*
             * This node has already set status asking a release
             * to signal it, so it can safely park.
             */
            return true;
        if (ws > 0) { // 标识前节点取消或者放弃获取锁
            /*
             * Predecessor was cancelled. Skip over predecessors and indicate retry.
             *  如果前节点放弃了,那就一直往前找,直到找到最近一个正常等待的状态,并排在它的后边。
             *  注意:那些放弃的结点,由于被自己“加塞”到它们前边,它们相当于形成一个无引用链,稍后就会被保安大叔赶走了(GC回收)!
             */
            do {
                node.prev = pred = pred.prev;
            } while (pred.waitStatus > 0);
            pred.next = node;
        } else {
            /*
             * waitStatus must be 0 or PROPAGATE.  Indicate that we
             * need a signal, but don't park yet.  Caller will need to
             * retry to make sure it cannot acquire before parking.
             * 如果前节点正常,那就把前节点的状态设置成SIGNAL,告诉它拿完号后通知自己一下。有可能失败,人家说不定刚刚释放完呢!
             */
            compareAndSetWaitStatus(pred, ws, Node.SIGNAL);
        }
        return false;
    }
    // 真正处于等待状态
    private final boolean parkAndCheckInterrupt() {
        LockSupport.park(this); // 调用park()使线程进入waiting状态
        return Thread.interrupted();
    }

AQS总结_重入锁

AQS总结_头结点_02

释放锁

    // 释放锁
    public void unlock() {
        sync.release(1);
    }
    // 先进行状态修改再进行头节点的下一个节点唤醒操作
    public final boolean release(int arg) {
        if (tryRelease(arg)) {
            Node h = head;
            if (h != null && h.waitStatus != 0)
                unparkSuccessor(h);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
    // 锁状态设置为 状态 - 1(重入锁多次释放)
    protected final boolean tryRelease(int releases) {
	int c = getState() - releases;
	if (Thread.currentThread() != getExclusiveOwnerThread())
		throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
	boolean free = false;
	if (c == 0) {
		free = true;
		setExclusiveOwnerThread(null);
	}
	setState(c);
	return free;
    }
    // waitStatus头结点等待设置为0 头节点的下一个节点unpark 被唤醒。
    private void unparkSuccessor(Node node) {
        /*
         * If status is negative (i.e., possibly needing signal) try
         * to clear in anticipation of signalling.  It is OK if this
         * fails or if status is changed by waiting thread.
         */
        int ws = node.waitStatus;
        if (ws < 0)
            compareAndSetWaitStatus(node, ws, 0);

        /*
         * Thread to unpark is held in successor, which is normally
         * just the next node.  But if cancelled or apparently null,
         * traverse backwards from tail to find the actual
         * non-cancelled successor.
         */
        Node s = node.next;
        if (s == null || s.waitStatus > 0) {
            s = null;
            for (Node t = tail; t != null && t != node; t = t.prev)
                if (t.waitStatus <= 0)
                    s = t;
        }
        if (s != null)
            LockSupport.unpark(s.thread);
    }

出队

// 出队在 入队操作时 发现当前节点的头结点 并能成功抢锁 则头结点出队。p.next = null; // help GC

唤醒

// 锁释放头结点的下一个节点被唤醒。