Hadoop基于DataInput和DataOutput实现了简单、高效的序列化协议,而Writable接口定义了Hadoop序列化的方法,MapReduce框架中的不论什么键值类型都实现了该接口,比方IntWritable、LongWritable等,具体的类关系见下图:
通过上图可以发现,MapReduce中经常使用的键值类型都没有直接实现Writable接口,而是实现了该接口的子接口WritableComparable,该子接口还继承了Comparable接口,这意味着实现类除了可以序列化和发序列化外,还可以彼此进行比較,这是由于当这些类做为键在MapReduce中使用时,在排序阶段须要对其进行比較排序。但这并非说假设实现自己定义的序列化类时,必须实现WritableComparable接口,仅当自己定义的序列化类也用作键时才必须实现该接口,假设仅是做为值使用的话,仅实现Writable接口就可以。
当自己定义的序列化类用做键时,须要考虑到在依据键进行分区时经经常使用到hashCode()方法,因此须要确保该方法在不同的JVM实例中返回同样的结果,而Object对象中默认的hashCode()方法不可以满足该特性,所以在实现自己定义类时须要重写hashCode()方法,而假设两个对象依据equals()方法是相等的,那么二者的hashCode()返回值也必须同样,因此在重写hashCode()的时候,有必要重写equals(Object obj)方法。
除了上图中实现WritableComparable的类外,还有若干类直接实现了Writable接口,比方ObjectWritable,一个多态的Writable,该类不使用Writable封装就行处理数组、字符串和其他Java基本类型。还有Writable集合类:ArrayWritable、EnumSetWritable、MapWritable、TwoDArrayWritable、SortedMapWritable。当中ArrayWritable是对同样Writable类型的数组的封装,也就是该类中Writable的类型必须同样,是IntWritable都是IntWritable,不能既有IntWritable也有LongWritable。TwoDArrayWritable是对二维数组即矩阵的封装,同样该类中Writable的类型也必须同样。EnumSetWritable是对EnumSet封装的Writable,MapWritable实现了Map<Writable,Writable>接口,SortedMapWritable实现了SortedMap<WritableComparable,Writable>接口,二者当然也都实现了Writable接口,在二者的内部实现中,使用Byte类型指示指定的类型,因此在一个Map实例中最多仅仅能有127个不同的类:
/* Class to id mappings */
@VisibleForTesting
Map<Class, Byte> classToIdMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<Class, Byte>();
/* Id to Class mappings */
@VisibleForTesting
Map<Byte, Class> idToClassMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<Byte, Class>();
如今通过分析IntWritable和Text的源码来学习怎样编写Writable以及WritableComparable,首先是IntWritable的源码:
public class IntWritable implements WritableComparable<IntWritable> {
private int value;
public IntWritable() {}
public IntWritable(int value) { set(value); }
/** Set the value of this IntWritable. */
public void set(int value) { this.value = value; }
/** Return the value of this IntWritable. */
public int get() { return value; }
@Override
//重写Writable中的readFields(DataInput in)
public void readFields(DataInput in) throws IOException {
value = in.readInt();
}
@Override
//重写Writable中的write(DataOutput out)
public void write(DataOutput out) throws IOException {
out.writeInt(value);
}
/** Returns true if <code>o</code> is a IntWritable with the same value. */
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (!(o instanceof IntWritable))
return false;
IntWritable other = (IntWritable)o;
return this.value == other.value;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
return value;
}
/** Compares two IntWritables. */
@Override
//重写Comparable接口中的compareTo方法
public int compareTo(IntWritable o) {
int thisValue = this.value;
int thatValue = o.value;
return (thisValue<thatValue ? -1 : (thisValue==thatValue ? 0 : 1));
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return Integer.toString(value);
}
//此处省略了继承自WritableComparator的内部类Comparator
static { // register this comparator
WritableComparator.define(IntWritable.class, new Comparator());
}
}
IntWritable的源码相对来说还是比較简单的,除了实现接口中的方法外,还重写了hashCode、equals和toString方法,这也是要注意的一点。其次是Text类,Text将字符串存储为标准UTF8编码,提供了在字节层次序列化、反序列化和比較字符串的方法,比方decode(byte[]utf8)、encode(String string)、readFields(DataInput in)、write(DataOutput out)等。该类除了实现WritableComparable外,还继承自BinaryComparable抽象类,当中实现的方法例如以下:
private byte[] bytes;
private int length;
@Override
public void readFields(DataInput in) throws IOException {
//从输入流中读取整数值,很多其他工具方法可參考WritableUtils工具类
int newLength = WritableUtils.readVInt(in);
setCapacity(newLength, false);
//向bytes中读入长度为newLength的数据
in.readFully(bytes, 0, newLength);
length = newLength;
}
@Override
public void write(DataOutput out) throws IOException {
WritableUtils.writeVInt(out, length);
out.write(bytes, 0, length);
}
@Override
public int compareTo(BinaryComparable other) {
if (this == other)
return 0;
return WritableComparator.compareBytes(getBytes(), 0, getLength(),
other.getBytes(), 0, other.getLength());
}
总结IntWritable和Text类的实现,可以据此实现自定的WritableComparable,以下就是一个简单的演示样例。在该演示样例中使用name和age做为联合键,仅仅有在二者都同样的情况下才觉得是一个对象。
public class CompositeWritable implements WritableComparable<CompositeWritable>{
private String name;
private int age;
public CompositeWritable(){}
public CompositeWritable(String name, int age){
set(name, age);
}
@Override
public void readFields(DataInput in) throws IOException {
name = in.readUTF();
age = in.readInt();
}
@Override
public void write(DataOutput out) throws IOException {
out.writeUTF(name);
out.writeInt(age);
}
@Override
public int compareTo(CompositeWritable o) {
int cmp = name.compareTo(o.getName());
if(cmp != 0)
return cmp;
return age < o.getAge()? -1:(age == o.getAge()? 0 : 1);
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if(o instanceof CompositeWritable){
CompositeWritable other = (CompositeWritable)o;
return this.name.equals(other.name) && this.age == other.age;
}
return false;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
return name.hashCode() + age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return name + "\t" + age;
}
public void set(String name, int age){
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
public String getName(){
return this.name;
}
public int getAge(){
return this.age;
}
}