• data type, size, and alignment; 
  • the calling convention, which controls how functions' arguments are passed and return values retrieved; 
  • the system call numbers and how an application should make system calls to the operating system;

ABIs may be defined at the processor-architecture level or at the OS level. the ABIs are standards to be followed by the code-generator phase of the compiler. the standard is fixed either by the OS or by the processor.

functionality: define the mechanism/standard to make function calls independent of the implementation language or a specific compiler/linker/toolchain. provide the mechanism which allows JNI, or python-c interface etc


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