js中处处是对象,面向对象的第一步当然就是封装了,由于Js中没有类的概念,所以封装起来也比较麻烦,下面介绍两种js的封装。

1、使用约定优先的原则,将所有的私有变量以_开头

<script type="text/javascript">
/**
* 使用约定优先的原则,把所有的私有变量都使用_开头
*/
var Person = function (no, name, age)
{
this.setNo(no);
this.setName(name);
this.setAge(age);
}
Person.prototype = {
constructor: Person,
checkNo: function (no)
{
if (!no.constructor == "string" || no.length != 4)
throw new Error("学号必须为4位");
},
setNo: function (no)
{
this.checkNo(no);
this._no = no;
}, getNo: function ()
{
return this._no;
}, setName: function (name)
{
this._name = name;
}, getName: function ()
{
return this._name;
}, setAge: function (age)
{
this._age = age;
}, getAge: function ()
{
return this._age;
}, toString: function ()
{
return "no = " + this._no + " , name = " + this._name + " , age = " + this._age;
}
};
var p1 = new Person("0001", "鸿洋", "22");
console.log(p1.toString()); //no = 0001 , name = 鸿洋 , age = 22
p1.setNo("0003");
console.log(p1.toString()); //no = 0003 , name = 鸿洋 , age = 22
p1.no = "0004";
p1._no = "0004";
console.log(p1.toString()); //no = 0004 , name = 鸿洋 , age = 22

</script>


看完代码,是不是有种被坑的感觉,仅仅把所有的变量以_开头,其实还是可以直接访问的,这能叫封装么,当然了,说了是约定优先嘛,这种方式还是不错的,最起码成员变量的getter,setter方法都是prototype中,并非存在对象中,总体来说还是个不错的选择。如果你觉得,这不行,必须严格实现封装,那么看第二种方式。

2、严格实现封装

<script type="text/javascript">
/**
* 使用这种方式虽然可以严格实现封装,但是带来的问题是get和set方法都不能存储在prototype中,都是存储在对象中的
* 这样无形中就增加了开销
*/
var Person = function (no, name, age)
{
var _no , _name, _age ;
var checkNo = function (no)
{
if (!no.constructor == "string" || no.length != 4)
throw new Error("学号必须为4位");
};
this.setNo = function (no)
{
checkNo(no);
_no = no;
};
this.getNo = function ()
{
return _no;
}
this.setName = function (name)
{
_name = name;
}

this.getName = function ()
{
return _name;
}

this.setAge = function (age)
{
_age = age;
}
this.
getAge = function ()
{
return _age;
}

this.setNo(no);
this.setName(name);
this.setAge(age);
}
Person.prototype = {
constructor: Person,
toString: function ()
{
return "no = " + this.getNo() + " , name = " + this.getName() + " , age = " + this.getAge();
}
}
;
var p1 = new Person("0001", "鸿洋", "22");
console.log(p1.toString()); //no = 0001 , name = 鸿洋 , age = 22
p1.setNo("0003");
console.log(p1.toString()); //no = 0003 , name = 鸿洋 , age = 22
p1.no = "0004";
console.log(p1.toString()); //no = 0003 , name = 鸿洋 , age = 22

</script>


看上面的代码,去掉了this.属性名,严格的实现了封装,只能通过getter,setter访问成员变量了,但是存在一个问题,所有的方法都存在对象中,增加了内存的开销。

3、以闭包的方式封装

<script type="text/javascript">
/**
* 使用这种方式虽然可以严格实现封装,但是带来的问题是get和set方法都不能存储在prototype中,都是存储在对象中的
* 这样无形中就增加了开销
*/
var Person = (function ()
{
var checkNo = function (no)
{
if (!no.constructor == "string" || no.length != 4)
throw new Error("学号必须为4位");
};
//共享变量
var times = 0;

return function (no, name, age)
{
console.log(times++); // 0 ,1 , 2
var no , name , age;
this.setNo = function (no)
{
checkNo(no);
this._no = no;
};
this.getNo = function ()
{
return this._no;
}
this.setName = function (name)
{
this._name = name;
}

this.getName = function ()
{
return this._name;
}

this.setAge = function (age)
{
this._age = age;
}
this.
getAge = function ()
{
return this._age;
}

this.setNo(no);
this.setName(name);
this.setAge(age);
}
})();
Person.prototype = {
constructor: Person,
toString: function ()
{
return "no = " + this._no + " , name = " + this._name + " , age = " + this._age;
}
}
;
var p1 = new Person("0001", "鸿洋", "22");
var p2 = new Person("0002", "abc", "23");
var p3 = new Person("0003", "aobama", "24");


console.log(p1.toString()); //no = 0001 , name = 鸿洋 , age = 22
console.log(p2.toString()); //no = 0002 , name = abc , age = 23
console.log(p3.toString()); //no = 0003 , name = aobama , age = 24

</script>


上述代码,js引擎加载完后,会直接执行Student = 立即执行函数,然后此函数返回了一个子函数,这个子函数才是new Student所调用的构造函数,又因为子函数中保持了对立即执行函数中checkNo(no) ,times的引用,(很明显的闭包)所以对于checkNo和times,是所有Student对象所共有的,创建3个对象后,times分别为0,1,2 。这种方式的好处是,可以使Student中需要复用的方法和属性做到私有且对象间共享。