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文章目录

前言

一、首先引入相关Python库

二、实例Demo

        1.1 官方Demo

        1.2 将实际数据应用于官方Demo

总结




前言

        Matplotlib,官方提供的饼图Demo,功能比较简单,在实际应用过程中,往往会有许多个性化的绘制需求,在这里跟大家一起了解一下饼图(pie chart)的一些特色功能的实现。

一、首先引入相关Python库

from matplotlib import font_manager as fm
import matplotlib as mpl
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

%matplotlib inline
plt.style.use('ggplot')

二、实例Demo

1.1 官方Demo

代码如下(示例):

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Pie chart, where the slices will be ordered and plotted counter-clockwise
labels = 'Frogs', 'Hogs', 'Dogs', 'Logs'
sizes = [15, 30, 45, 10]
explode = (0, 0.1, 0, 0) # only "explode" the 2nd slice(i.e. 'Hogs')

fig1, ax1 = plt.subplots()
ax1.pie(sizes, explode=explode, labels=labels, autopct='%1.1f%%',shadow=True, startangle=90)
ax1.axis('equal') # Equal aspect ratio ensures that pie is drawn as a circle

plt.savefig('Demo_official.jpg')
plt.show()

运行结果如下图: 

Matplotlib饼图实例_示例代码

 1.2 将实际数据应用于官方Demo

代码如下(示例):
 

# 将实际数据应用于官方Demo
# 原始数据
shapes = ['Cross', 'Cone', 'Egg', 'Teardrop', 'Chevron', 'Diamond', 'Cylinder', 'Rectangle',
         'Flash', 'Cigar', 'Changing', 'Formation', 'Oval', 'Disk',
         'Sphere', 'Fireball', 'Triangle', 'Circle', 'Light']
values = [287, 383, 842, 866, 1187, 1405, 1495, 1620, 1717, 2313, 2378, 3070, 4332, 5841, 6482, 7785,
         9358, 9818, 20254]

s = pd.Series(values, index=shapes)
from matplotlib import font_manager as fm
import matplotlib as mpl

# Pie chart, where the slices will be ordered and plotted counter-clockwisse:
labels = s.index
sizes = s.values
explode = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)  # only "explode" the 1st slice

fig1, ax1 = plt.subplots()
patches, texts, autotexts = ax1.pie(sizes, explode=explode, labels=labels, autopct='%1.0f%%',
                                    shadow=False, startangle=170)
ax1.axis('equal')  # Equal aspect ratio ensures that pie is drawn as a circle


plt.savefig('Demo_project.jpg')
plt.show()

运行结果如下图: 

Matplotlib饼图实例_图例_02

上图的一些问题:

        1. 颜色比较生硬

        2. 部分文字拥挤在一起,绘图显示不齐整

1.3 一些改善措施

        § 重新设置字体大小

        § 设置自选颜色

        § 设置图例

        § 将某些类别突出显示

1.3.1 重新设置字体大小

代码如下:

from matplotlib import font_manager as fm
import matplotlib as mpl

# Pie chart, where the slices will be ordered and plotted counter-clockwisse:
labels = s.index
sizes = s.values
explode = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)  # only "explode" the 1st slice

fig1, ax1 = plt.subplots()
patches, texts, autotexts = ax1.pie(sizes, explode=explode, labels=labels, autopct='%1.0f%%',
                                    shadow=False, startangle=170)
ax1.axis('equal')  # Equal aspect ratio ensures that pie is drawn as a circle

# 重新设置字体大小
proptease = fm.FontProperties()
proptease.set_size('xx-small')
# font size include: 'xx-small', x-small, 'small', 'medium', 'large', 'x-large', xx-large or number, e.g. '12'
plt.setp(autotexts, fontproperties=proptease)
plt.setp(texts, fontproperties=proptease)
plt.savefig('Demo_project_set_font.jpg')
plt.show()

运行结果如下图

Matplotlib饼图实例_示例代码_03

1.3.2 设置显示颜色,Method1:

示例代码如下:

# 设置显示颜色,Method1
from matplotlib import font_manager as fm
import matplotlib as mpl

# Pie chart,where the slices will be ordered and plotted counter-clockwisse
labels = s.index
sizes = s.values

explode = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)  # only "explode" the 1st sli
fig1, ax1 = plt.subplots(figsize=(6,6))

a = np.random.rand(1, 19)
color_vals = list(a[0])
my_norm = mpl.colors.Normalize(-1, 1) # 将颜色数据的范围设置为[0, 1]
my_cmap = mpl.cm.get_cmap('rainbow', len(color_vals)) # 可选择合适的colormap, 如:'rainbow'

patches, texts, autotexts = ax1.pie(sizes, explode=explode, labels=labels,
                                   autopct='%1.0f%%',
                                   shadow=False, startangle=170, colors=my_cmap(my_norm(color_vals)))
ax1.axis('equal')

# 重新设置字体大小
proptease = fm.FontProperties()
proptease.set_size('xx-small')

plt.setp(autotexts, fontproperties=proptease)
plt.setp(texts, fontproperties=proptease)

plt.savefig('Demo_project_set_color_1.jpg')
plt.show()

运行结果如下图:

Matplotlib饼图实例_数据分析_04

        上面这种方法设置颜色时,但类别比较多时,部分颜色的填充会重复。有时候,可能想设置成连续的颜色,可用另一种方法实现。

1.3.3设置显示颜色, Method2:

示例代码如下:

# 设置颜色方法Method2

from matplotlib import font_manager as fm
from matplotlib import cm

labels = s.index
sizes = s.values
fig1, ax1 = plt.subplots(figsize=(6,6))

colors = cm.rainbow(np.arange(len(sizes))/len(sizes)) # colormaps: Paired, autumn, rainbow, gray, spring, Darks

patches, texts, autotexts = ax1.pie(sizes, explode=explode, labels=labels,
                                   autopct='%1.0f%%',
                                   shadow=False, startangle=170, colors=colors)
ax1.axis('equal')
ax1.set_title('Shapes -------------------------------', loc='left')

# 重新设置字体大小
proptease = fm.FontProperties()
proptease.set_size('xx-small')

plt.setp(autotexts, fontproperties=proptease)
plt.setp(texts, fontproperties=proptease)

plt.savefig('Demo_project_set_color_2.jpg')
plt.show()

运行结果如下图:

Matplotlib饼图实例_图例_05

从上图可以看出,颜色显示是连续的,实现了我们想要的效果。

1.3.4 设置图例

示例代码如下:

# 设置图例(legend)
from matplotlib import font_manager as fm
from matplotlib import cm

labels = s.index
sizes = s.values
fig1, ax1 = plt.subplots(figsize=(6,6))

colors = cm.rainbow(np.arange(len(sizes))/len(sizes))

patches, texts, autotexts = ax1.pie(sizes, explode=explode, labels=labels,
                                   autopct='%1.0f%%',
                                 shadow=False, startangle=170, colors=colors)

ax1.axis('equal')
# 重新设置字体大小
proptease = fm.FontProperties()
proptease.set_size('xx-small')

plt.setp(autotexts, fontproperties=proptease)
plt.setp(texts, fontproperties=proptease)

ax1.legend(labels, loc=2)
plt.savefig('Demo_project_set_legend_error.jpg')
plt.show()

运行结果如下图:

Matplotlib饼图实例_图例_06

从上图可看出,当类别较多时,图例(legend)的位置摆放显示有重叠,显示有些问题,需要进行调整 。

1.3.5 重新设置图例(legend)

示例代码如下:

# 重新设置图例(legend)

from matplotlib import font_manager as fm
from matplotlib import cm

labels = s.index
sizes = s.values
fig, axes = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 5), ncols=2) # 设置绘图区域大小
ax1, ax2 = axes.ravel()

colors = cm.rainbow(np.arange(len(sizes))/len(sizes))

patches, texts, autotexts = ax1.pie(sizes, explode=explode, labels=labels,
                                   autopct='%1.0f%%',
                                 shadow=False, startangle=170, colors=colors)

ax1.axis('equal')
# 重新设置字体大小
proptease = fm.FontProperties()
proptease.set_size('xx-small')

plt.setp(autotexts, fontproperties=proptease)
plt.setp(texts, fontproperties=proptease)

ax1.set_title('Shapes', loc='center')

# ax2只显示图例(legend)
ax2.axis('off')
ax2.legend(patches, labels, loc='center left')

plt.tight_layout()

plt.savefig('Demo_project_set_legend_good.jpg')
plt.show()

运行结果如下图:

Matplotlib饼图实例_示例代码_07

1.3.6 将某些类别突出显示

         § 将某些类别突出显示

        § 控制label的显示位置

        § 控制百分比的显示位置

        § 控制突出位置的大小

示例代码如下:

# 1.3.6 将某些类别突出显示
from matplotlib import font_manager as fm
from matplotlib import cm

labels = s.index
sizes = s.values

explode = (0.1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.1, 0)  # only "explode" the 1st sli
fig, axes = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 5), ncols=2) # 设置绘图区域大小
ax1, ax2 = axes.ravel()


colors = cm.rainbow(np.arange(len(sizes))/len(sizes)) # colormaps:Paired, autumn, rainbow, gray, spring, Darks
patches, texts, autotexts = ax1.pie(sizes, explode=explode, labels=labels,
                                   autopct='%1.0f%%',
                                 shadow=False, startangle=170, colors=colors, labeldistance=1.2,
                                   pctdistance=1.03, radius=0.4)

# labeldistance:控制labels显示的位置
# pctdistance:控制百分比显示的位置
# radius:控制切片突出的距离


ax1.axis('equal')

# 重新设置字体大小
proptease = fm.FontProperties()
proptease.set_size('xx-small')

plt.setp(autotexts, fontproperties=proptease)
plt.setp(texts, fontproperties=proptease)

ax1.set_title('Shapes', loc='center')

# ax2只显示图例(legend)
ax2.axis('off')
ax2.legend(patches, labels, loc='center left')


plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('Demo_project_final.jpg')
plt.show()

运行结果如下图:

Matplotlib饼图实例_图例_08

总结

本文的案例取自Python数据之道,以上练习的内容,仅仅简单介绍了matplotlib的使用,而matplotlib功能模块提供了大量使用方法,大家可以多多练习实践。