测试mysql主从配置：实现一主一从读写分离

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wx5d0cd2f748c0c 2019-09-15 00:32:25 ©著作权

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一、主从介绍 Mysql主从又叫Replication、AB复制。简单讲就是A与B两台机器做主从后，在A上写数据，另外一台B也会跟着写数据，实现数据实时同步。

二、主从作用 1、实时灾备，用于故障切换 2、读写分离，提供查询服务 3、备份，避免影响业务

三、在两台服务器上都按装mysql

1、环境准备关闭防火墙以SELINUX [root@yanyinglai ~]# systemctl stop firewalld [root@yanyinglai ~]# systemctl disable firewalld [root@yanyinglai ~]# sed -ri 's/(SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config [root@yanyinglai ~]# setenforce 0

2、安装mysql 安装依赖包 [root@yanyinglai ~]# yum -y install ncurses-devel openssl-devel openssl cmake mariadb-devel

3、创建用户和组 [root@yanyinglai ~]# groupadd -r -g 306 mysql [root@yanyinglai ~]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g 306 -u 306 mysql

4、下载二进制格式的mysql软件包 [root@yanyinglai ~]# cd /usr/src/ [root@yanyinglai src]#wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz

5、解压软件至/usr/local/ [root@yanyinglai src]# ls debug kernels mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz [root@yanyinglai src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/ [root@yanyinglai src]# ls /usr/local/ bin etc games include lib lib64 libexec mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 sbin share src [root@yanyinglai src]# cd /usr/local/ [root@yanyinglai local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql "mysql" -> "mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/" [root@yanyinglai local]# ll

总用量 0 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 11月 5 2016 bin drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 11月 5 2016 etc drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 11月 5 2016 games drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 11月 5 2016 include drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 11月 5 2016 lib drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 11月 5 2016 lib64 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 11月 5 2016 libexec lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 36 9月 7 22:20 mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ drwxr-xr-x. 9 root root 129 9月 7 22:19 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 11月 5 2016 sbin drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 49 9月 3 23:02 share drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 11月 5 2016 src

6、修改目录/usr/locaal/mysql的属主属组 [root@yanyinglai local]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql [root@yanyinglai local]# ll /usr/local/mysql -d lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql 36 9月 7 22:20 /usr/local/mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/

7、添加环境变量 [root@yanyinglai local]# ls /usr/local/mysql bin COPYING docs include lib man README share support-files [root@yanyinglai local]# cd [root@yanyinglai ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh [root@yanyinglai ~]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh [root@yanyinglai ~]# echo $PATH /usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin

8、建立数据存放目录 [root@yanyinglai ~]# cd /usr/local/mysql [root@yanyinglai mysql]# mkdir /opt/data [root@yanyinglai mysql]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/ [root@yanyinglai mysql]# ll /opt/ 总用量 0 drwxr-xr-x. 2 mysql mysql 6 9月 7 22:25 data

9、初始化数据库 [root@yanyinglai mysql]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/ //这个命令的最后会生成一个临时密码，此处密码是1EbNA-k*BtKo

10、配置mysql [root@yanyinglai ~]# ln -sv /usr/local/mysql/include/ /usr/local/include/mysql "/usr/local/include/mysql" -> "/usr/local/mysql/include/" [root@yanyinglai ~]# echo '/usr/local/mysql/lib' > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf [root@yanyinglai ~]# ldconfig -v

11、生成配置文件 [root@yanyinglai ~]# cat > /etc/my.cnf <<EOF

[mysqld] basedir = /usr/local/mysql datadir = /opt/data socket = /tmp/mysql.sock port = 3306 pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid user = mysql skip-name-resolve EOF

12、配置服务启动脚本 [root@yanyinglai ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld [root@yanyinglai ~]# sed -ri 's#^(basedir=).#\1/usr/local/mysql#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld [root@yanyinglai ~]# sed -ri 's#^(datadir=).#\1/opt/data#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld

13、启动mysql [root@yanyinglai ~]# service mysqld start Starting MySQL.Logging to '/opt/data/yanyinglai.err'. .. SUCCESS! [root@yanyinglai ~]# ps -ef|grep mysql root 4897 1 0 22:38 pts/2 00:00:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/opt/data --pid-file=/opt/data/mysql.pid mysql 5075 4897 6 22:38 pts/2 00:00:01 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/opt/data --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=yanyinglai.err --pid-file=/opt/data/mysql.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306 root 5109 4668 0 22:38 pts/2 00:00:00 grep --color=auto mysql [root@yanyinglai ~]# ss -antl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 :22 :
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 :
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*

14、修改密码使用临时密码修改 [root@yanyinglai ~]# mysql -uroot -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 2 Server version: 5.7.22

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> set password = password('123456'); Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit Bye

三、mysql主从配置

1、确保从数据库与主数据库的数据一样。（1）先在主数据库创建所需要同步的库和表 [root@yanyinglai ~]# mysql -uroot -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 4 Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respect owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the curr a、创建数据库yan mysql> create database yan; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) b、创建数据库lisi mysql> create database lisi; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) c、创建数据库wangwu mysql> create database wangwu; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) d、useyan数据库 mysql> use yan; Database changed f、创建一个表tom mysql> create table tom (id int not null,name varchar(100)not null ,age tinyint); Query OK, 0 rows affected (11.83 sec) g、插入tom表中的值 mysql> insert tom (id,name,age) values(1,'zhangshan',20),(2,'wangwu',7),(3,'lisi',23); Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.07 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 h、展示tom表 mysql> select * from tom; +----+--------------+------+ | id | name | age | +----+--------------+------+ | 1 | zhangshan | 20 | | 2 | wangwu | 7 | | 3 | lisi | 23 | +----+---------------+-----+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

（2)备份主库备份主库时需要另开一个终端，给数据库上读锁，避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据同步的不一致 a、进入mysql [root@yanyinglai ~]# mysql -uroot -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 5 Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. b、关闭所有打开的表并使用全局读锁锁定所有数据库的所有表 mysql> flush tables with read lock; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.76 sec) //此锁表的终端必须在备份完成以后才能退出（退出锁表失效） c、备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库 [root@yanyinglai ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 --all-databases > /opt/all-20180907.sql mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. d、列出opt目录下的文件 [root@yanyinglai ~]# ls /opt/ all-20180907.sql data g、复制/opt目录下的all-20180907.sql文件去192.168.1.201的/opt目录 [root@yanyinglai ~]# scp /opt/all-20180907.sql root@192.168.1.201:/opt/ ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:7mLj77SFk7sPkhjpMPfdK3nZ98hOuyP4OKzjXeijSJ0. ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:a0:1b:eb:7f:f0:b6:7b:73:97:91:4c:f3:b1:89:d8:ea. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added '192.168.55.129' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts. root@192.168.55.129's password: all-20180907.sql 100% 784KB 783.3KB/s 00:01

h、解除主库的锁表状态，直接退出交互式界面即可

mysql> quit Bye

（3）在从库上恢复主库的备份并查看是否与主库的数据保持一致

[root@yanyinglai ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 < /opt/all-20180907.sql mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@yanyinglai ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 4 Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> use yan; Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed mysql> select * from tom; +----+-----------+------+ | id | name | age | +----+-----------+------+ | 1 | zhangshan | 20 | | 2 | wangwu | 7 | | 3 | lisi | 23 | +----+-----------+------+ 3 rows in set (0.06 sec) （4）在主数据库创建一个同步账户授权给从数据使用 [root@yanyinglai ~]# mysql -uroot -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 7 Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. a、创建一个用户repl，密码 mysql> create user 'repl'@'192.168.1.201' identified by '123456'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (5.50 sec) b、授予从服务器192.168.1.201复制权限 mysql> grant replication slave on . to 'repl'@'192.168.1.200'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec) c、授予刷新权限 mysql> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec) （5)配置主数据库编辑配置文件 [root@yanyinglai ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf [root@yanyinglai ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] basedir = /usr/local/mysql ###基本路径 datadir = /opt/data ###数据目录 socket = /tmp/mysql.sock ###接口路径 port = 3306 ###端口 pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid ##pid文件路径 user = mysql
skip-name-resolve //添加以下内容 log-bin=mysql-bin //启用binlog日志 server-id=1 //主数据库服务器唯一标识符主的必须必比从大 log-error=/opt/data/mysql.log //错误日志路径（6）重启mysql服务 [root@yanyinglai ~]# service mysqld restart Shutting down MySQL..... SUCCESS! Starting MySQL.Logging to '/opt/data/mysql.log'. ............................... SUCCESS! （7）列出所有打开的网络连接端口 [root@yanyinglai ~]# ss -antl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 :22 :
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 :
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::* （8）查看主库的状态 mysql> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ | mysql-bin.000001 | 154 | | | | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) （9）配置从数据库编辑配置文件 [root@yanyinglai ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] basedir = /usr/local/mysql datadir = /opt/data socket = /tmp/mysql.sock port = 3306 pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid user = mysql skip-name-resolve //添加以下内容： server-id=2 //设置从库的唯一标识符从的必须比主小 relay-log=mysql-relay-bin //启用中继日志relay log error-log=/opt/data/mysql.log （10）重启从库的mysql服务 [root@yanyinglai ~]# service mysqld restart Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS! [root@yanyinglai ~]# ss -antl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 :22 :
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 :
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
（11）配置并启动主从复制 mysql> change master to -> master_host='192.168.1.200', -> master_user='repl', -> master_password='123456', -> master_log_file='mysql-bin.000001', -> master_log_pos=154; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.28 sec) （13）查看从服务器状态 mysql> show slave status\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.55.130 Master_User: repl Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154 Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000003 Relay_Log_Pos: 320 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001 Slave_IO_Running: Yes //此处必须是yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes //此处必须是yes
Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 154 Relay_Log_Space: 527 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 1 Master_UUID: 5abf1791-b2af-11e8-b6ad-000c2980fbb4 Master_Info_File: /opt/data/master.info SQL_Delay: 0 SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates Master_Retry_Count: 86400 Master_Bind: Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: Master_SSL_Crl: Master_SSL_Crlpath: Retrieved_Gtid_Set: Executed_Gtid_Set: Auto_Position: 0 Replicate_Rewrite_DB: Channel_Name: Master_TLS_Version: 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

ERROR: No query specified

四、测试验证在主服务器的yan库的tom表插入数据: （1）在yan库的tom表中插入数据 mysql> use yan; Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

mysql> insert tom(id,name,age) value (4,"yyl",18); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)

mysql> select * from tom; +----+-----------+------+ | id | name | age | +----+-----------+------+ | 1 | zhangshan | 20 | | 2 | wangwu | 7 | | 3 | lisi | 23 | | 4 | yyl | 18 | +----+-----------+------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) （2）在从数据库查看是否数据同步 mysql> use yan; Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed mysql> select * from tom; +----+-----------+------+ | id | name | age | +----+-----------+------+ | 1 | zhangshan | 20 | | 2 | wangwu | 7 | | 3 | lisi | 23 | | 4 | yyl | 18 | +----+-----------+------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)