python3 网络数据采集1

第一部分:

一、可靠的网络连接:

使用库:

python标准库: urllib

python第三方库:BeautifulSoup

安装:pip3 install  beautifulsoup4

导入:import  bs4

python 网络数据采集 pdf python3网络爬虫数据采集_html

python 网络数据采集 pdf python3网络爬虫数据采集_HTML_02

cat scrapetest2.py 
#!/usr/local/bin/python3

from urllib.request import urlopen
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from urllib.error import HTTPError

def getTitle(url):
    try:
        html = urlopen(url)
    except HTTPError as e:
        return None
    try:
        bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html.read())
        title = bsObj.body.h1
    except AttributeError as e:
        return None
    return title


x = 'http://pythonscraping.com/pages/page1.html' 
title = getTitle(x)

if title == None:
    print('Title could not be found.')
else:
    print(title)


#######执行结果#######
python3 scrapetest2.py
/usr/local/lib/python3.5/site-packages/bs4/__init__.py:181: UserWarning: No parser was explicitly specified, so I'm using the best available HTML parser for this system ("html.parser"). This usually isn't a problem, but if you run this code on another system, or in a different virtual environment, it may use a different parser and behave differently.

The code that caused this warning is on line 21 of the file scrapetest2.py. To get rid of this warning, change code that looks like this:

 BeautifulSoup(YOUR_MARKUP})

to this:

 BeautifulSoup(YOUR_MARKUP, "html.parser")

  markup_type=markup_type))
<h1>An Interesting Title</h1>

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二、 复杂的HTML解析

 .get_text()   会把正在处理的HTML文档中所有的标签(超链接、段落、标签)都清除,然后返回一个只包含文字的字符串。

python 网络数据采集 pdf python3网络爬虫数据采集_html

python 网络数据采集 pdf python3网络爬虫数据采集_HTML_02

cat bs41.py 
#!/usr/local/bin/python3

from urllib.request import urlopen
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

html = urlopen('http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/warandpeace.html')
bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html)

nameList = bsObj.findAll('span',{'class':'green'})
for name in nameList:
    print(name.get_text())

#################
返回所有绿色的字体
Anna
Pavlovna Scherer
Empress Marya
Fedorovna
Prince Vasili Kuragin
Anna Pavlovna
St. Petersburg
the prince
Anna Pavlovna
Anna Pavlovna
the prince
the prince
the prince
Prince Vasili
Anna Pavlovna
Anna Pavlovna
the prince
Wintzingerode
King of Prussia
le Vicomte de Mortemart
Montmorencys
Rohans
Abbe Morio
the Emperor
the prince
Prince Vasili
Dowager Empress Marya Fedorovna
the baron
Anna Pavlovna
the Empress
the Empress
Anna Pavlovna's
Her Majesty
Baron
Funke
The prince
Anna
Pavlovna
the Empress
The prince
Anatole
the prince
The prince
Anna
Pavlovna
Anna Pavlovna

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BeautifulSoup 的find() 和findAll()

用途:通过标签的不同属性过滤HTML页面,查找需要的标签组或单个标签。

findAll(tag,  attributes,  recursive, text, limit,  keywords)

           findAll = find_all(self, name=None, attrs={}, recursive=True, text=None, limit=None, **kwargs)

find(tag, attributes, recursive, text, keywords)

           find(self, name=None, attrs={}, recursive=True, text=None, **kwargs)

说明: tag  可以传一个标签的名称或多个标签名称组成的python列表做标签参数;findAll({'h1', 'h2', 'h3', 'h4', 'h5', 'h6',}) 

            attributes  用字典封装一个标签的若干属性和对应的属性值; .findAll("span", {"class":{"green", "red"}})

            recursive   递归参数是一个布尔变量,默认值True;如果是True会查找变迁参数的所有子标签,以及子标签的子标签;如果设置为False,就只查找文档的一级标签;

            text     文本参数 ,它是用标签的文本内容去匹配,而不是标签的属性;nameList = bsObj.findAll(text='the prince')    print(len(nameList))    结果是:7

            limit    范围限制参数x,按照网页上的顺序排序获取前面的x项;

            keywords   关键词参数,选择具有指定属性的标签;            

python 网络数据采集 pdf python3网络爬虫数据采集_html

python 网络数据采集 pdf python3网络爬虫数据采集_HTML_02

关键词参数:
allText = bsObj.findAll(id='text')
print(allText[0].get_text())
######
下面两行代码一样:
bsObj.findAll(id='text')
bsObj.findAll("", {"id" : "text"})
######
在class后面加一个下划线
bsObj.findAll(class_='green')
也可以用属性参数把class用引号包起来
bsObj.findAll("", {"class":"green"})

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BeautifulSoup库里的两种对象:

1,BeautifulSoup 对象

2,标签Tag对象

        直接调用子标签获取的一列对象或单个对象; bsObj.div.h1

另外两个如下:

3, NavigableString对象

        用来表示标签里的文字,不是标签;

4,Comment  对象

用来查找 HTML文档的注释标签 <!--像这样-->

  

导航树:

通过标签在文档中的位置来查找标签, 导航树Navigating Trees作用;

1,处理子标签和其他后代标签;

        子标签就是一个父标签的下一级;而后代标签是指一个父标签下面所有级别的标签;

 查找子标签,可以用 .children标签;

python 网络数据采集 pdf python3网络爬虫数据采集_html

python 网络数据采集 pdf python3网络爬虫数据采集_HTML_02

########子标签#######
# cat  beau.py
#!/usr/local/bin/python3

from urllib.request import urlopen
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

html = urlopen('http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page3.html')
bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html)

for child in bsObj.find("table",{'id':'giftList'}).children:
    print(child)
########################## cat  beau.py
#!/usr/local/bin/python3

from urllib.request import urlopen
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

html = urlopen('http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page3.html')
bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html)

for child in bsObj.find("table",{'id':'giftList'}).descendants:
    print(child)

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2,处理兄弟标签;