首先回顾一下在程式设计语言中有关将参数传递给方法(函数)的一些专业术语。按值调用(call by value)表示方法接收的是调用者提供的值。而按引用调用(call by reference)表示方法接收的是调用者提供的变量地址。一个方法可以修改传递引用所对应的变量值,而不能修改传递值调用所对应的变量值。
class Employee //simplified Employee class
{
private String name;
private double salary;
public Employee(String n, double s)
{
name = n;
salary = s;
}
public String getName()
{
return name;
}
public double getSalary()
{
return salary;
}
public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
{
double raise = salary*byPercent/100;
salary += raise;
}
}
public class ParamTest {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
/**
* Test 1: Method can't modify numeric paramters
*/
System.out.println("Testing tripleValue:");
double percent = 10;
System.out.println("Before: percent=" + percent);
tripleValue(percent);
System.out.println("After: percent=" + percent);
/**
* Test 2:Methods can change the state of object parameters
*/
System.out.println("\nTesting tripleSalary:");
Employee harry = new Employee("Harry", 50000);
System.out.println("Before: salary="+harry.getSalary());
tripleSalary(harry);
System.out.println("After: salary="+harry.getSalary());
/**
* Test3: Methods can't attach new objects to objects paramters
*/
System.out.println("\nTesting swap:");
Employee a = new Employee("Alice", 70000);
Employee b = new Employee("Bob", 60000);
System.out.println("Before: a="+a.getName());
System.out.println("Before: b="+b.getName());
swap(a, b);
System.out.println("After: a="+a.getName());
System.out.println("After: b="+b.getName());
}
public static void tripleValue(double x) //doesn't work
{
x = x*3;
System.out.println("End of method: x="+x);
}
public static void tripleSalary(Employee x) //works
{
x.raiseSalary(200);
System.out.println("End of method: salary="+x.getSalary());
}
public static void swap(Employee x, Employee y)
{
Employee temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
System.out.println("End of method: x="+x.getName());
System.out.println("End of method: y="+y.getName());
}
}
/*
程序运行示例:
Testing tripleValue:
Before: percent=10.0
End of method: x=30.0
After: percent=10.0
Testing tripleSalary:
Before: salary=50000.0
End of method: salary=150000.0
After: salary=150000.0
Testing swap:
Before: a=Alice
Before: b=Bob
End of method: x=Bob
End of method: y=Alice
After: a=Alice
After: b=Bob
*
*/
总结:
- 一个方法不能修改一个基本数据类型的参数(即数值型或布尔型)
- 一个方法可以改变一个对象参数的形态(成员变量的数值)
- 一个方法不能让对象参数引用一个新的对象。
- Java程序设计语言总是采用按值调用。也就是说,方法得到的是所以参数值的一个拷贝,特别的是,方法不能修改传递给它的任何参数变量的内容。