超文本传输协议(英语:HyperText Transfer Protocol,缩写:HTTP)是一种用于分布式、协作式和超媒体信息系统的应用层协议。HTTP是万维网的数据通信的基础。

  (一)基于用户的访问控制   认证:Authorization:客户端用户填入账号和密码后再次发送请求报文;认证通过时,则服务器发送响应的资源;   认证方式有两种: basic:明文 digest:消息摘要认证     basic认证配置示例 (1) 定义安全域

<Directory "">
		Options None
		AllowOverride None
		AuthType Basic
		AuthName "String“
		AuthUserFile  "/PATH/TO/HTTPD_USER_PASSWD_FILE"
		Require  user  username1  username2 ...
</Directory>

(2) 提供账号和密码存储 使用htpasswd命令进行维护 htpasswd  [OPTIONS]  passwdfile   userName 选项有:            -c:添加第一个用户时创建此文件  -m:md5格式加密用户密码存放  -s:sha格式加密用户密码存放 -D:删除指定用户 -b:批模式添加用户

htpasswd -b  [options]   /PATH/TO/HTTPD_PASSWD_FILE  username password

基于组账号进行认证 (1) 定义安全域

<Directory "">
	Options None
	AllowOverride None
	AuthType Basic
	AuthName "String“
	AuthUserFile  "/PATH/TO/HTTPD_USER_PASSWD_FILE"
	AuthGroupFile "/PATH/TO/HTTPD_GROUP_FILE"
	Require  group  grpname1  grpname2 ...
</Directory>

(2) 创建用户账号和组账号文件; 组文件:每一行定义一个组 GRP_NAME: username1 username2

   

(二)虚拟主机

基于ip:为每个虚拟主机准备至少一个ip地址;

<VirtualHost 10.120.123.6:80>
	ServerName www.a.com
	DocumentRoot "/www/a.com/htdocs"
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost 10.120.123.7:80>
	ServerName www.b.net
	DocumentRoot "/www/b.net/htdocs"
</VirtualHost>

基于port:为每个虚拟主机使用至少一个独立的port;

<VirtualHost 10.120.123.6:80>
	ServerName www.a.com
	DocumentRoot "/www/a.com/htdocs"
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost 10.120.123.6:8080>
	ServerName www.b.net
	DocumentRoot "/www/b.net/htdocs"
</VirtualHost>

基于FQDN:为每个虚拟主机使用至少一个FQDN;

<VirtualHost 10.120.123.6:80>
	ServerName www.a.com
	DocumentRoot "/www/a.com/htdocs"
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost 10.120.123.6:80>
   	ServerName www.b.net
	DocumentRoot "/www/b.net/htdocs"
</VirtualHost>

(三)HTTPS经由HTTP进行通信,但利用SSL/TLS来加密数据包   1.安装mod_ssl包,配置http支持https

yum -y install mod_ssl
httpd -M | grep ssl
ssl_module (shared)

2.建立私有CA (1)生成私钥

(umask 077;openssl genrsa -out /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem 4096)

(2)生成自签证书

 openssl req -new -x509 -key /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem -out /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem -days 3650

3.在服务器端创建签署请求,CA签证 (1)生成私钥

mkdir /etc/httpd/ssl
cd /etc/httpd/ssl
(umask 077; openssl genrsa -out /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.key 2048)

(2)生成签署请求

openssl req -new -key httpd.key -out httpd.csr -days 365 

(3)CA签证

openssl ca -in httpd.csr -out /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.crt -days 365

修改配置文件: vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf

<VirtualHost 10.120.123.6:443>
        ServerName www.a.com
        DocumentRoot /www/a.com/htdocs
        SSLengine ON
        SSLprotocol ALL -sslv2 -sslv3
        SSLcertificatefile /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.crt
        SSLcertificatekeyfile /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.key
</VirtualHost>