权限管理:

ls -l

		rwxrwxrwx:
			左三位:定义user(owner)的权限
			中三位:定义group的权限;
			右三位:定义other的权限

进程安全上下文:

		进程对文件的访问权限应用模型:
			进程的属主与文件的属主是否相同;如果相同,则应用属主权限;
			否则,则检查进程的属主是否属于文件的属组;如果是,则应用属组权限;
			否则,就只能应用other的权限;

权限:

		r:readable, 读
		w:writable, 写
		x:excutable,执行

文件:

			r:可获取文件的数据;
			w: 可修改文件的数据;
			x:可将此文件运行为进程;

目录:

			r:可使用ls命令获取其下的所有文件列表;
			w: 可修改此目录下的文件列表;即创建或删除文件;
			x: 可cd至此目录中,且可使用ls -l来获取所有文件的详细属性信息;

		mode:rwxrwxrwx
		ownership:user, group

权限组合机制:

		--- 000 0
		--x 001 1
		-w- 010 2
		-wx 011 3
		r-- 100 4
		r-x 101 5
		rw- 110 6
		rwx 111 7

权限管理命令:

chmod命令:

	       chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
	       chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE...
	       chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...

三类用户:

	       		u:属主
	       		g:属组
	       		o:其它
	       		a: 所有

(1) chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...

	       		MODE表示法:
	       			赋权表示法:直接操作一类用户的所有权限位rwx;
	       				u=
	       				g=
	       				o=
	       				a=

	       			授权表示法:直接操作一类用户的一个权限位r,w,x;
	       				u+, u-
	       				g+, g-
	       				o+, o-
	       				a+, a-

(2) chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE...

(3) chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...

选项:

	       		-R, --recursive:递归修改

	       	注意:用户仅能修改属主为自己的那些文件的权限;

	从属关系管理命令:chown, chgrp

chown命令:

			chown [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE...
    		chown [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...

    		选项:
    			-R:递归修改

chgrp命令:

   			chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
   			chgrp [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...

   		注意:仅管理员可修改文件的属主和属组;

练习:

1、复制/etc/skel目录为/home/tuser1,要求/home/tuser1及其内部文件的属组和其它用户均没有任何访问权限;

cp -r /etc/skel /home/tuser1

[root@Pikachu ~]# cp -r /etc/skel /home/tuser1
[root@Pikachu ~]# ll /home/
total 4
drwx------. 15 PIkachu PIkachu 4096 Oct  6 14:57 PIkachu
drwx------   3   60606   50103   78 Oct 15 00:03 PIP2
drwx------   3   60000   60000   78 Oct 15 00:04 PIP6
drwx------   3   60001    1001   78 Oct 15 00:04 PIP61
drwx------   3   50100   50100   78 Oct 15 00:01 PIPI
drwx------   3   60100   50101   78 Oct 15 00:01 PIPI2
drwx------   3   60500   50102   78 Oct 15 00:02 PIPI3
drwxr-xr-x   3 root    root      78 Oct 21 21:54 tuser1

2、编辑/etc/group文件,添加组hadoop ;

	[root@Pikachu ~]# vim /etc/group
 在最后一行按i键进入编辑模式,输入 : hadoop:x:1004
 按esc键进入命令行模式
 :wq 回车键保存退出
[root@Pikachu ~]# grep hadoop /etc/group
	hadoop:x:1004

3、手动编辑/etc/passwd文件新增一行,添加用户hadoop,其基本组ID为hadoop组的id号其家目录为/home/hadoop ;

			[root@Pikachu ~]# vim /etc/passwd
			在最后一行按i键进入编辑模式,输入 : hadoop:x:1004:1004::/home/hadoop:/bin/bash
			 按esc键进入命令行模式
			 :wq 回车键保存退出
			[root@Pikachu ~]# grep hadoop /etc/passwd
			hadoop:x:1004:1004::/home/hadoop:/bin/bash

4、复制/etc/skel目录为/home/hadoop,要求修改hadoop目录的属组和其它用户没有任何访问权限;

				cp -rv /etc/skel /home/hadoop
				[root@Pikachu ~]# cp -rv /etc/skel /home/hadoop
				‘/etc/skel’ -> ‘/home/hadoop’
				‘/etc/skel/.mozilla’ -> ‘/home/hadoop/.mozilla’
				‘/etc/skel/.mozilla/extensions’ -> ‘/home/hadoop/.mozilla/extensions’
				‘/etc/skel/.mozilla/plugins’ -> ‘/home/hadoop/.mozilla/plugins’
				‘/etc/skel/.bash_logout’ -> ‘/home/hadoop/.bash_logout’
				‘/etc/skel/.bash_profile’ -> ‘/home/hadoop/.bash_profile’
				‘/etc/skel/.bashrc’ -> ‘/home/hadoop/.bashrc’
				[root@Pikachu ~]# chmod -R 700 /home/hadoop
				[root@Pikachu ~]# ll -d /home/hadoop
				drwx------ 3 root root 78 Oct 21 22:06 /home/hadoop

5、修改/home/hadoop目录及其内部所有文件的属主为hadoop,属组为hadoop ;

			[root@Pikachu ~]# chown -R hadoop:hadoop /home/hadoop
			[root@Pikachu ~]# ll -d /home/hadoop
			drwx------ 3 hadoop hadoop 78 Oct 21 22:06 /home/hadoop

6、显示/proc/meminfo文件中以大写或小写S开头的行;用两种方式;

			[root@Pikachu ~]# grep "^[Ss]" /proc/meminfo;grep -i "^s" /proc/meminfo
			grep: /proc/meminfo;grep: No such file or directory
			grep: ^s: No such file or directory
			/proc/meminfo:SwapCached:            0 kB
			/proc/meminfo:SwapTotal:       2097148 kB
			/proc/meminfo:SwapFree:        2097148 kB
			/proc/meminfo:Shmem:              8624 kB
			/proc/meminfo:Slab:              67024 kB
			/proc/meminfo:SReclaimable:      28804 kB
			/proc/meminfo:SUnreclaim:        38220 kB

7、显示/etc/passwd文件中其默认shell为非/sbin/nologin的用户;

			[root@Pikachu ~]# grep -v "nologin$" /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1
			root
			sync
			shutdown
			halt
			PIkachu
			hadoop

8、显示/etc/passwd文件中其默认shell为/bin/bash的用户;

		[root@Pikachu ~]# grep "bash$" /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1
		root
		PIkachu
		hadoop

9、找出/etc/passwd文件中的一位数或两位数;

			[root@Pikachu ~]# grep "\<[[:digit:]]\{1,2\}\>" /etc/passwd
			root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
			bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
			daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
			adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
			lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
			sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
			shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
			halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
			mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
			operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
			games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
			ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
			nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
			dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
			apache:x:48:48:Apache:/usr/share/httpd:/sbin/nologin
			rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
			saslauth:x:994:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin
			rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
			radvd:x:75:75:radvd user:/:/sbin/nologin
			tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
			ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
			gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
			sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
			avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin
			postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
			oprofile:x:16:16:Special user account to be used by OProfile:/var/lib/oprofile:/sbin/nologin
			tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin

10、显示/boot/grub/grub.conf中以至少一个空白字符开头的行;

			[root@Pikachu ~]# grep "^[[:space:]]\+" /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
				load_env
				 set default="${next_entry}"
				 set next_entry=
				 save_env next_entry
				 set boot_once=true
				 set default="${saved_entry}"
				menuentry_id_option="--id"
				menuentry_id_option=""
				set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}"
				save_env saved_entry
				set prev_saved_entry=
				save_env prev_saved_entry
				set boot_once=true
				if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then
					saved_entry="${chosen}"
					save_env saved_entry
				fi
				if [ x$feature_all_video_module = xy ]; then
					insmod all_video
				else
					insmod efi_gop
					insmod efi_uga
					insmod ieee1275_fb
					insmod vbe
					insmod vga
					insmod video_bochs
					insmod video_cirrus
				fi
				set timeout_style=menu
				set timeout=5
				set timeout=5
				source ${prefix}/user.cfg
				if [ -n "${GRUB2_PASSWORD}" ]; then
					set superusers="root"
					export superusers
					password_pbkdf2 root ${GRUB2_PASSWORD}
				fi
				load_video
				set gfxpayload=keep
				insmod gzio
				insmod part_msdos
				insmod xfs
				set root='hd0,msdos1'
				if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
					search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 --hint='hd0,msdos1'  6b2e77e3-4807-44d4-a573-1384c6450398
				else
					search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6b2e77e3-4807-44d4-a573-1384c6450398
				fi
				linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-862.14.4.el7.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/centos-root ro rd.lvm.lv=centos/root rd.lvm.lv=centos/swap rhgb quiet LANG=en_US.UTF-8
				initrd16 /initramfs-3.10.0-862.14.4.el7.x86_64.img
				load_video
				set gfxpayload=keep
				insmod gzio
				insmod part_msdos
				insmod xfs
				set root='hd0,msdos1'
				if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
					search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 --hint='hd0,msdos1'  6b2e77e3-4807-44d4-a573-1384c6450398
				else
					search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6b2e77e3-4807-44d4-a573-1384c6450398
				fi
				linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/centos-root ro rd.lvm.lv=centos/root rd.lvm.lv=centos/swap rhgb quiet LANG=en_US.UTF-8
				initrd16 /initramfs-3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64.img
				load_video
				insmod gzio
				insmod part_msdos
				insmod xfs
				set root='hd0,msdos1'
				if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
					search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 --hint='hd0,msdos1'  6b2e77e3-4807-44d4-a573-1384c6450398
				else
					search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6b2e77e3-4807-44d4-a573-1384c6450398
				fi
				linux16 /vmlinuz-0-rescue-0e35b7e6076043e5aa5f60894ef1010b root=/dev/mapper/centos-root ro rd.lvm.lv=centos/root rd.lvm.lv=centos/swap rhgb quiet
				initrd16 /initramfs-0-rescue-0e35b7e6076043e5aa5f60894ef1010b.img
				source ${config_directory}/custom.cfg
				source $prefix/custom.cfg;

11、显示/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit文件中以#开头,后面跟至少一个空白字符,而后又有至少一个非空白字符的行;

				[root@Pikachu ~]# grep "^#[[:space:]]\+[^[:space:]]\+" /etc/rc.d/rc.local
				# THIS FILE IS ADDED FOR COMPATIBILITY PURPOSES
				# It is highly advisable to create own systemd services or udev rules
				# to run scripts during boot instead of using this file.
				# In contrast to previous versions due to parallel execution during boot
				# this script will NOT be run after all other services.
				# Please note that you must run 'chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local' to ensure
				# that this script will be executed during boot.

12、打出netstat -tan命令执行结果中以‘LISTEN’,后或跟空白字符结尾的行;

				[root@Pikachu ~]# netstat -tan | grep "LISTEN[[:space:]]*$"
				tcp        0       0 127.0.0.1:25                0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
				tcp        0       0 0.0.0.0:111                   0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
				tcp        0       0 192.168.122.1:53        0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
				tcp        0       0 0.0.0.0:22                    0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
				tcp        0       0 127.0.0.1:631              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
				tcp6       0      0 ::1:25                              :::*                     LISTEN     
				tcp6       0      0 :::111                              :::*                     LISTEN     
				tcp6       0      0 :::22                                :::*                     LISTEN     
				tcp6       0      0 ::1:631                            :::*                     LISTEN   

13、添加用户bash, testbash, basher, nologin (此一个用户的shell为/sbin/nologin),而后找出当前系统上其用户名和默认shell相同的用户的信息;

			[root@Pikachu ~]# useradd bash
			[root@Pikachu ~]# useradd testbash
			[root@Pikachu ~]# useradd basher
			[root@Pikachu ~]# useradd -s /sbin/nologin nologin
			
			[root@Pikachu ~]# grep "\(^[^:]\+\>\).*\1$" /etc/passwd
			sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
			shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
			halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
			bash:x:1005:1005::/home/bash:/bin/bash
			nologin:x:1008:1008::/home/nologin:/sbin/nologin