摘要:Tomcat 集群时上传文件时如何使得多部tomcat中的文件同步,Linux下可以通过NFS来解决这个问题。可以在一部linux server上配置NFS服务器,其他linux server当作NFS客户端。
编者注:密钥库是一个存放加密密钥和证书的存储设施,它们经常用于SSL通信来标明服务器和客户机的身份,一个密钥库可以是一份文件或硬件设备。Java中不同类型的密钥库包含:PrivateKey、SecretKey、JKS、PKCS12、JCEKS等。其中JKS的详细介绍可参考《Java不同密钥库类型之JKS》。本文所讲诉的为PKCS12和JCEKS的用法。
以下为译文:
JCEKS
JCEKS是Java平台的一个密钥库格式,将密钥存储在密钥库中以防止加密密钥的暴露。在JCEKS中存储和装载不同条目的过程类似于JKS,只需在调用KeyStore.getInstance()时更改相应的JCEKS密钥库类型。
存储密钥
密钥可以通过一下代码存储到JCEKS中:
try{ KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JCEKS"); keyStore.load(null, null); KeyGenerator keyGen = KeyGenerator.getInstance("DES"); keyGen.init(56);; Key key = keyGen.generateKey(); keyStore.setKeyEntry("secret", key, "password".toCharArray(), null); keyStore.store(new FileOutputStream("output.jceks"), "password".toCharArray()); } catch (Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); }
加载密钥
代码如下:
try{ KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JCEKS"); keyStore.load(new FileInputStream("output.jceks"), "password".toCharArray()); Key key = keyStore.getKey("secret", "password".toCharArray()); System.out.println(key.toString()); } catch (Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); }
输出代码:
javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec@fffe7b9b
PKCS12
PKCS12是公钥加密标准,它规定了可包含所有私钥、公钥和证书。其以二进制格式存储,也称为 PFX 文件,在windows中可以直接导入到密钥区。注意,PKCS12的密钥库保护密码同时也用于保护Key。
创建PKCS12密钥库
在把一个条目存入PKCS12之前必须先加载密钥库,这意味着我们必须首先创建一个密钥库。简单创建一个PKCS12密钥库的方式如下:
try{ KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12"); keyStore.load(null, null); keyStore.store(new FileOutputStream("output.p12"), "password".toCharArray()); } catch (Exception ex){ ex.printStackTrace(); }
需要注意的是,在调用keyStore.load(null, null)时,两个null是作为输入密钥流和密码传递的。这是因为我们没有可用的密钥库。运行这段代码后,当前工作目录中应该会输出一个名为output.p12的文件。
存储密钥
代码如下:
try{ KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12"); keyStore.load(null, null); KeyGenerator keyGen = KeyGenerator.getInstance("AES"); keyGen.init(128); Key key = keyGen.generateKey(); keyStore.setKeyEntry("secret", key, "password".toCharArray(), null); keyStore.store(new FileOutputStream("output.p12"), "password".toCharArray()); } catch (Exception ex){ ex.printStackTrace(); }
存储私钥
密钥库包含可用于网络上的SSL通信的私钥和证书:
try{ KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12"); // keyStore.load(new FileInputStream("output.p12"),"password".toCharArray()); keyStore.load(null, null);; CertAndKeyGen gen = new CertAndKeyGen("RSA","SHA1WithRSA"); gen.generate(1024); Key key=gen.getPrivateKey(); X509Certificate cert=gen.getSelfCertificate(new X500Name("CN=ROOT"), (long)365*24*3600); X509Certificate[] chain = new X509Certificate[1]; chain[0]=cert; keyStore.setKeyEntry("private", key, "password".toCharArray(), chain); keyStore.store(new FileOutputStream("output.p12"), "password".toCharArray()); }catch(Exception ex){ ex.printStackTrace(); }
别忘了调用keyStore.store()来保存密钥,否则条目在程序退出时会丢失。
存储证书
存储证书可以调用KeyStore.setCertificateEntry():
try{ KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12"); // keyStore.load(new FileInputStream("output.p12"),"password".toCharArray()); keyStore.load(null, null);; CertAndKeyGen gen = new CertAndKeyGen("RSA","SHA1WithRSA"); gen.generate(1024); X509Certificate cert=gen.getSelfCertificate(new X500Name("CN=ROOT"), (long)365*24*3600); keyStore.setCertificateEntry("cert", cert); keyStore.store(new FileOutputStream("output.p12"), "password".toCharArray()); }catch(Exception ex){ ex.printStackTrace(); }
存储的证书可以通过调用提供别名的KeyStore.getCertificate() 来提取,例如:
Certificate cert = keyStore.getCertificate("cert");
加载私钥
try{ KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12"); keyStore.load(new FileInputStream("output.p12"), "password".toCharArray()); Key pvtKey = keyStore.getKey("private", "password".toCharArray()); System.out.println(pvtKey.toString()); } catch (Exception ex){ ex.printStackTrace(); }
代码输出:
sun.security.rsa.RSAPrivateCrtKeyImpl@ffff2466
加载证书链
如果一个证书链存在密钥库中,我们可以通过调用KeyStore.getCertificateChain()来加载:
try{ KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12"); keyStore.load(new FileInputStream("output.p12"), "password".toCharArray()); Key pvtKey = keyStore.getKey("private", "password".toCharArray()); System.out.println(pvtKey.toString()); java.security.cert.Certificate[] chain = keyStore.getCertificateChain("private"); for(java.security.cert.Certificate cert:chain){ System.out.println(cert.toString()); } } catch (Exception ex){ ex.printStackTrace(); }
输出:
[ [ Version: V3 Subject: CN=ROOT Signature Algorithm: SHA1withRSA, OID = 1.2.840.113549.1.1.5 Key: Sun RSA public key, 1024 bits modulus: 107262652552256813768678166856978781385254195794582600239703451044252881438814396239031781495369251659734172714120481593881055888193254336293673302267462500060447786562885955334870856482264000504019061160524587434562257067298291769329550807938162702640388267016365640782567817416484577163775446236245223552189 public exponent: 65537 Validity: [From: Mon Jan 05 13:03:29 SGT 2015, To: Tue Jan 05 13:03:29 SGT 2016] Issuer: CN=ROOT SerialNumber: [ 5e5ca8a4] ] Algorithm: [SHA1withRSA] Signature: 0000: 22 21 BF 73 A6 6D 12 9B F7 49 6C 0E B3 50 6A 9D "!.s.m...Il..Pj. 0010: FA 30 43 22 32 FF 54 95 80 2E B3 8B 6F 59 D4 B5 .0C"2.T.....oY.. 0020: 6C A6 AE 89 B7 18 9A A8 35 7D 65 37 BF ED A3 F4 l.......5.e7.... 0030: E7 DB 5D 5F 9B DA 4B FA 39 04 9B 4D DB C2 3E FA ..]_..K.9..M..>. 0040: 3B C2 63 F8 1E BE 03 F3 BD 1C D4 8A 8E 3C 51 68 ;.c..........
注:如何在Java中创建证书链?可参考:点此进入
加载证书
加载证书可以通过调用KeyStore.getCertificate()来实现:
try{ KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12"); keyStore.load(new FileInputStream("output.p12"), "password".toCharArray()); java.security.cert.Certificate cert = keyStore.getCertificate("private"); System.out.println(cert); } catch (Exception ex){ ex.printStackTrace(); }
输出:
[ [ Version: V3 Subject: CN=ROOT Signature Algorithm: SHA1withRSA, OID = 1.2.840.113549.1.1.5 Key: Sun RSA public key, 1024 bits modulus: 107262652552256813768678166856978781385254195794582600239703451044252881438814396239031781495369251659734172714120481593881055888193254336293673302267462500060447786562885955334870856482264000504019061160524587434562257067298291769329550807938162702640388267016365640782567817416484577163775446236245223552189 public exponent: 65537 Validity: [From: Mon Jan 05 13:03:29 SGT 2015, To: Tue Jan 05 13:03:29 SGT 2016] Issuer: CN=ROOT SerialNumber: [ 5e5ca8a4] ] Algorithm: [SHA1withRSA] Signature: 0000: 22 21 BF 73 A6 6D 12 9B F7 49 6C 0E B3 50 6A 9D "!.s.m...Il..Pj. 0010: FA 30 43 22 32 FF 54 95 80 2E B3 8B 6F 59 D4 B5 .0C"2.T.....oY.. 0020: 6C A6 AE 89 B7 18 9A A8 35 7D 65 37 BF ED A3 F4 l.......5.e7.... 0030: E7 DB 5D 5F 9B DA 4B FA 39 04 9B 4D DB C2 3E FA ..]_..K.9..M..>. 0040: 3B C2 63 F8 1E BE 03 F3 BD 1C D4 8A 8E 3C 51 68 ;.c..........
导入导出密钥和证书
PKCS12密钥库可以用于导入导出密钥和证书,下面的代码演示了从PKCS12导出一个私钥并导入到JKS密钥库中:
try{ KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12"); keyStore.load(new FileInputStream("output.p12"), "password".toCharArray()); Key pvtKey = keyStore.getKey("private", "password".toCharArray()); java.security.cert.Certificate[] chain = keyStore.getCertificateChain("private"); KeyStore jksStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS"); jksStore.load(null, null);; jksStore.setKeyEntry("jksPrivate", pvtKey, "newpassword".toCharArray(), chain); jksStore.store(new FileOutputStream("output.jks"), "password".toCharArray()); } catch (Exception ex){ ex.printStackTrace();