Linux系统时间
1、date命令用于查看以及修改Linux系统的时间，关于date命令的详细帮助文档如下
[root@localhost ~]# date --help
Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
or: date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
-d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now'
-f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE
-r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE
-R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format.
Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600
--rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format.
TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for
date and time to the indicated precision.
Date and time components are separated by
a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00
-s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING
-u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are:
%% a literal %
%a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun)
%A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday)
%b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan)
%B locale's full month name (e.g., January)
%c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005)
%C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20)
%d day of month (e.g, 01)
%D date; same as %m/%d/%y
%e day of month, space padded; same as %_d
%F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d
%g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G)
%G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V
%h same as %b
%H hour (00..23)
%I hour (01..12)
%j day of year (001..366)
%k hour ( 0..23)
%l hour ( 1..12)
%m month (01..12)
%M minute (00..59)
%n a newline
%N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999)
%p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known
%P like %p, but lower case
%r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM)
%R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M
%s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
%S second (00..60)
%t a tab
%T time; same as %H:%M:%S
%u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday
%U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)
%V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53)
%w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday
%W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53)
%x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99)
%X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48)
%y last two digits of year (00..99)
%Y year
%z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400)
%:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00)
%::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00)
%:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30)
%Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT)
By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes.
The following optional flags may follow `%':
- (hyphen) do not pad the field
_ (underscore) pad with spaces
0 (zero) pad with zeros
^ use upper case if possible
# use opposite case if possible
After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number;
then an optional modifier, which is either
E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or
O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available.
Report date bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'date invocation'
date常用格式及参数说明
date +%F === date +%Y-%m-%d 显示年月日
[root@localhost ~]# date +%F
2018-04-13
[root@localhost ~]# date +%Y-%m-%d
2018-04-13
date +%T === date +%H-%M-%S 显示时分秒
[root@localhost ~]# date +%T
21:39:42
[root@localhost ~]# date +%H-%M-%S
21-39-49
date +%F\ %T 显示年月日时分秒
[root@localhost ~]# date +%F\ %T
2018-04-13 21:41:23
date +%y 显示两位年份
[root@localhost ~]# date +%y
18
date +%Y 显示四位年份
[root@localhost ~]# date +%Y
2018
date +%m 显示月份
[root@localhost ~]# date +%m
04
date+%M 显示分钟
[root@localhost ~]# date +%M
42
date +%d 显示日
[root@localhost ~]# date +%d
13
date+%p或%P 显示出AM(am)或PM(pm)
[root@localhost ~]# date +%P
pm
[root@localhost ~]# date +%p
PM
date +%u 显示周几
[root@localhost ~]# date +%u
5
date +%H 小时24小时制（00~23）
[root@localhost ~]# date +%H
21
date +%I 小时12小时制（01~12）
[root@localhost ~]# date +%l
9
date+ %j 显示一年的第几天
[root@localhost ~]# date +%j
103
date+%W 显示一年的第几个星期
[root@localhost ~]# date +%W
15
date -d '-3day' 显示前三天的日期
[root@localhost ~]# date -d '-3day'
Tue Apr 10 21:45:46 CST 2018
date -s '20180401 08:20:00' 设置时间
[root@localhost ~]# date -s '20180401 08:20:00'
Sun Apr 1 08:20:00 CST 2018
2、同步时间命令ntpdate
ntp === network time protocol网络时间协议
利用时间服务器（阿里云等），也可以将此命令添加到定时任务中，让Linux系统定时同步时间
ntpdate ntp1.aliyun.com
ntpdate ntp2.aliyun.com
ntpdate ntp3.aliyun.com
ntpdate ntp4.aliyun.com
ntpdate ntp5.aliyun.com
ntpdate ntp6.aliyun.com
3、cal 显示日历
-1 显示一个月的月历
-3 显示系统前一个月，当前月，下一个月的月历
-s 显示星期天为一个星期的第一天，默认的格式
-m 显示星期一为一个星期的第一天
-j 显示在当年中的第几天（一年日期按天算，从1月1号算起，默认显示当前月在一年中的天数）
-y 显示当前年份的日历的所有年月份
[root@localhost ~]# cal -y
2018
January February March
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
April May June
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 1 2
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
29 30 27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
July August September
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30
October November December
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31
4、hwclock命令是一个硬件时钟访问工具，它可以显示当前时间、设置硬件时钟的时间和设置硬件时钟为系统时间，也可设置系统时间为硬件时钟的时间。
在Linux中有硬件时钟与系统时钟等两种时钟。
硬件时钟是指主机板上的时钟设备，也就是通常可在BIOS画面设定的时钟。
系统时钟（软件时钟）则是指kernel中的时钟。当Linux启动时，系统时钟会去读取硬件时钟的设定，之后系统时钟即独立运作。所有Linux相关指令与函数都是读取系统时钟的设定。
参数说明：
--adjust：hwclock每次更改硬件时钟时，都会记录在/etc/adjtime文件中。使用--adjust参数，可使hwclock根据先前的记录来估算硬件时钟的偏差，并用来校正目前的硬件时钟；
--debug：显示hwclock执行时详细的信息
--directisa：hwclock预设从/dev/rtc设备来存取硬件时钟。若无法存取时，可用此参数直接以I/O指令来存取硬件时钟
--hctosys：将系统时钟调整为与目前的硬件时钟一致
--systohc：将硬件时钟调整为与目前的系统时钟一致
--set --date=<日期与时间>：设定硬件时钟
--show：显示硬件时钟的时间与日期
--test：仅测试程序，而不会实际更改硬件时钟
--utc：若要使用格林威治时间，请加入此参数，hwclock会执行转换的工作
--version：显示版本信息
