Android 单线程模型是这样描述的:
Android UI 操作并不是线程安全的,并且这些操作必须在 UI 线程执行。
如果在其它线程访问 UI 线程,也就是非主线程,Android 提供了以下的方式:
- Activity.runOnUiThread(Runnable)
- View.post(Runnable)
- View.postDelayed(Runnable, long)
- Handler
为什么在子线程中就不能操作 UI 呢?
当 App 第一次启动的时候,Android 会同时启动一个对应的主线程(Main Thread),这个主线程就是 UI 线程,也就是 ActivityThread。UI 线程主要负责处理与 UI 相关的事件,如用户的按键点击、用户触摸屏幕以及屏幕绘图等。
系统不会为每个 UI 组件单独创建一个线程,在同一个进程里的 UI 组件都会在 UI 线程里实例化,系统对每一个组件的调用都从 UI 线程分发出去。
onKeyDown()
那为什么选择一个主线程干这些活呢?换个说法,Android 为什么使用单线程模型,它有什么好处?
要明白这点,就得先看下单线程化的事件队列模型是怎么定义的:
采用一个专门的线程从队列中抽取事件,并把他们转发给应用程序定义的事件处理器。
这看起来就是 Android 的消息队列、Looper 和 Handler嘛
其实现代 GUI 框架就是使用了类似这样的模型:模型创建一个专门的线程,事件派发线程来处理 GUI 事件。单线程化也不单单存在 Android 中,Qt、XWindows 等都是单线程化。当然,也有人试图用多线程的 GUI,最终由于竞争条件和死锁导致的稳定性问题等,又回到单线程化的事件队列模型老路上来。单线程化的 GUI 框架通过限制来达到线程安全:所有 GUI 中的对象,包括可视组件和数据模型,都只能被事件线程访问。
这就解释了Android为什么使用单线程模型。
那 Android 的 UI 操作并不是线程安全的又是怎么回事?
invalidate
和 postInvalidate
。前者在UI线程中使用,后者在非 UI 线程中使用。换句话说,Android 的 UI 操作不是线程安全可以表述为 invalidate
invalidate
在子线程中刷新界面,同时 UI 线程也在用 invalidate
刷新界面,这样会不会导致界面的刷新不能同步?既然刷新不同步,那么 invalidate
就不能在子线程中使用。这就是 invalidate
postInvalidate
看看源码是怎么实现的:
public void postInvalidate() {
postInvalidateDelayed(0);
}
public void postInvalidateDelayed(long delayMilliseconds) {
// We try only with the AttachInfo because there's no point in invalidating
// if we are not attached to our window
if (mAttachInfo != null) {
Message msg = Message.obtain();
msg.what = AttachInfo.INVALIDATE_MSG;
msg.obj = this;
mAttachInfo.mHandler.sendMessageDelayed(msg, delayMilliseconds);
}
}
说到底还是通过 Handler 的 sendMessageDelayed 啊,还是逃不过消息队列,最终还是交给 UI 线程处理。所以 View 的更新只能由 UI 线程处理。
那么问题来了:如果我非要在子线程中更新UI,那会出现什么情况呢?
CalledFromWrongThreadException
android.view.ViewRoot$CalledFromWrongThreadException: Only the original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views.
相信很多人遇到这个异常后,就会通过前面的四种方式中的其中一种解决:
- Activity.runOnUiThread(Runnable)
- View.post(Runnable)
- View.postDelayed(Runnable, long)
- Handler
说到这儿还是没触发到根本,不禁会问:为什么会出现这个异常呢,这个异常在哪里抛出来的呢?
在 framework/base/core/java/android/view/ViewRootImpl.java 类中,有这么一个方法:
void checkThread() {
if (mThread != Thread.currentThread()) {
throw new CalledFromWrongThreadException(
"Only the original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views.");
}
}
ViewRootImpl
的构造函数,mThread
public ViewRootImpl(Context context, Display display) {
mContext = context;
mWindowSession = WindowManagerGlobal.getWindowSession();
mDisplay = display;
mBasePackageName = context.getBasePackageName();
mDisplayAdjustments = display.getDisplayAdjustments();
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
......
}
CalledFromWrongThreadException
异常的去量堆栈信息,会发现最后到了invalidateChild
和 invalidateChildInParent
@Override
public void invalidateChild(View child, Rect dirty) {
invalidateChildInParent(null, dirty);
}
@Override
public ViewParent invalidateChildInParent(int[] location, Rect dirty) {
checkThread();
......
}
checkThread()
class NonUiThread extends Thread{
@Override
public void run() {
Looper.prepare();
TextView tx = new TextView(MainActivity.this);
tx.setText("non-UiThread update textview");
WindowManager windowManager = MainActivity.this.getWindowManager();
WindowManager.LayoutParams params = new WindowManager.LayoutParams(
200, 200, 200, 200, WindowManager.LayoutParams.FIRST_SUB_WINDOW,
WindowManager.LayoutParams.TYPE_TOAST,PixelFormat.OPAQUE);
windowManager.addView(tx, params);
Looper.loop();
}
}
windowManager.addView()
创建了 ViewRoot
,WindowManagerImpl.java
中的 addView()
private final WindowManagerGlobal mGlobal = WindowManagerGlobal.getInstance();
@Override
public void addView(@NonNull View view, @NonNull ViewGroup.LayoutParams params) {
applyDefaultToken(params);
mGlobal.addView(view, params, mDisplay, mParentWindow);
}
mGlobal
是一个 WindowManagerGlobal
实例,代码在 frameworks/base/core/java/android/view/WindowManagerGlobal.java
public void addView(View view, ViewGroup.LayoutParams params,
Display display, Window parentWindow) {
if (view == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("view must not be null");
}
if (display == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("display must not be null");
}
if (!(params instanceof WindowManager.LayoutParams)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Params must be WindowManager.LayoutParams");
}
final WindowManager.LayoutParams wparams = (WindowManager.LayoutParams) params;
if (parentWindow != null) {
parentWindow.adjustLayoutParamsForSubWindow(wparams);
} else {
// If there's no parent, then hardware acceleration for this view is
// set from the application's hardware acceleration setting.
final Context context = view.getContext();
if (context != null
&& (context.getApplicationInfo().flags
& ApplicationInfo.FLAG_HARDWARE_ACCELERATED) != 0) {
wparams.flags |= WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_HARDWARE_ACCELERATED;
}
}
ViewRootImpl root;
View panelParentView = null;
synchronized (mLock) {
// Start watching for system property changes.
if (mSystemPropertyUpdater == null) {
mSystemPropertyUpdater = new Runnable() {
@Override public void run() {
synchronized (mLock) {
for (int i = mRoots.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
mRoots.get(i).loadSystemProperties();
}
}
}
};
SystemProperties.addChangeCallback(mSystemPropertyUpdater);
}
int index = findViewLocked(view, false);
if (index >= 0) {
if (mDyingViews.contains(view)) {
// Don't wait for MSG_DIE to make it's way through root's queue.
mRoots.get(index).doDie();
} else {
throw new IllegalStateException("View " + view
+ " has already been added to the window manager.");
}
// The previous removeView() had not completed executing. Now it has.
}
// If this is a panel window, then find the window it is being
// attached to for future reference.
if (wparams.type >= WindowManager.LayoutParams.FIRST_SUB_WINDOW &&
wparams.type <= WindowManager.LayoutParams.LAST_SUB_WINDOW) {
final int count = mViews.size();
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
if (mRoots.get(i).mWindow.asBinder() == wparams.token) {
panelParentView = mViews.get(i);
}
}
}
root = new ViewRootImpl(view.getContext(), display);
view.setLayoutParams(wparams);
mViews.add(view);
mRoots.add(root);
mParams.add(wparams);
}
// do this last because it fires off messages to start doing things
try {
root.setView(view, wparams, panelParentView);
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
// BadTokenException or InvalidDisplayException, clean up.
synchronized (mLock) {
final int index = findViewLocked(view, false);
if (index >= 0) {
removeViewLocked(index, true);
}
}
throw e;
}
}
非 UI 线程能更新 UI,只要它有自己的 ViewRoot。
延伸阅读
ViewRoot
ActivityThread
,看里面哪里 addView()
了。没错,是在 onResume()
里面,对应 ActivityThread
就是 handleResumeActivity
final void handleResumeActivity(IBinder token,
boolean clearHide, boolean isForward, boolean reallyResume) {
// If we are getting ready to gc after going to the background, well
// we are back active so skip it.
unscheduleGcIdler();
mSomeActivitiesChanged = true;
// TODO Push resumeArgs into the activity for consideration
ActivityClientRecord r = performResumeActivity(token, clearHide);
......
if (r.window == null && !a.mFinished && willBeVisible) {
r.window = r.activity.getWindow();
View decor = r.window.getDecorView();
decor.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE);
ViewManager wm = a.getWindowManager();
WindowManager.LayoutParams l = r.window.getAttributes();
a.mDecor = decor;
l.type = WindowManager.LayoutParams.TYPE_BASE_APPLICATION;
l.softInputMode |= forwardBit;
if (a.mVisibleFromClient) {
a.mWindowAdded = true;
wm.addView(decor, l);
}
// If the window has already been added, but during resume
// we started another activity, then don't yet make the
// window visible.
} else if (!willBeVisible) {
if (localLOGV) Slog.v(
TAG, "Launch " + r + " mStartedActivity set");
r.hideForNow = true;
}
......
}
onCreate()
中通过子线程直接更新UI(也就是在 onresume() 之前),并不会抛 CalledFromWrongThreadException
异常。但是一般情况下,我们不会在 onCreate()
这就是Android为我们设计的单线程模型,核心就是一句话:
Android UI操作并不是线程安全的,并且这些操作必须在 UI 线程执行。
但这一句话背后,却隐藏着我们平时看不见的代码实现,只有搞懂这些,我们才能知其然知其所以然。