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import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.math.BigInteger;

public class Main {
  public static void main(String[] args){
    Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
    int T=sc.nextInt();
    for(int kase=0;kase<T;kase++){
      BigInteger n = sc.nextBigInteger();
      int m=sc.nextInt();
      BigInteger two=BigInteger.valueOf(2);
      BigInteger t =two.pow(m-1);
      
      BigInteger sum = BigInteger.ZERO;
      
      while(n.compareTo(BigInteger.ZERO)>0){
        n = n.divide(t);
        sum = sum.add(n).subtract(n.divide(two));
        n = n.divide(two);
      }
      System.err.println(sum);
    }
  }
}