一、nginx简介

1.nginx的发展

  Nginx是俄罗斯人编写的一款高性能HTTP和反向代理服务器。Nginx能够选择高效的epoll(Linux2.6内核)、kqueue(FreeBSD)、eventport(Solaris 10)作为网络I/O模型,再高连接并发的场景下,Nginx是Apache服务器非常不错的替代品,它能够支持50000个并发连接数的响应,而CPU、内存等系统资源消耗却非常低,运行非常稳定。

2.为什么选择Nginx

2.1 它可以高并发连接

  官方测试Nginx可以支持5w并发连接,在实际生产环境中可以支持2~4w并发连接数。这得益于Nginx使用了最新的epoll和kqueue网络I/O模型,而Apache则使用的老的select模型。

2.2 内存消耗少

2.3 成本低廉

3.Nginx和Apache、Lighttpd的综合对比

nginx简介&nginx基本配置和优化_nginx

 

二、Nginx的基本配置和优化
#使用的用户和组
#user  nobody;
#指定工作衍生进程数(一般等于CPU的总核数或总核数的两倍,例如两个4核CPU,则总核数为8)
worker_processes  1;

#错误日志存放路径
#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#指定PID存放路径
#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    #允许的连接数
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;
    
    include https_params.conf;

    server {
        listen       8888;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }
        
        location /test {
            proxy_pass https://www.baidu.com;
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;  
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
            proxy_set_header X-Server-IP $server_name;
            proxy_set_header X-Server-Port $server_port;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
    
            proxy_connect_timeout   30;
            proxy_send_timeout      30;
            proxy_read_timeout      300;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

上面是Nginx的nginx.conf配置文件,可见配置文件的构成如下:

....
events {
....
}
....
http {
    ....
    server {
    ....
    }
    server {
    ....
    }
    ....      
}

1.Nginx虚拟主机配置

1.1 什么是虚拟主机

  其实就是把一台运行在互联网上的服务器划分成多个“虚拟”的服务器,并且每一台虚拟主机都具有独立的域名和完整的Internet服务器功能。同一台服务器上的不同虚拟主机是各自独立的,可由客户自行管理。不过一台服务器只可以支持一定数量的虚拟主机,如果超出这个数量,那么客户在使用时将会发现性能急速降低。从网站访问者来看,每一台虚拟主机和一台独立的主机完全一样。如下是一个虚拟主机的代码:

server {
    listen       8000;
    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    location / {
        root   html;
        index  index.html index.htm;
    }
}

1.2 配置基于IP的虚拟主机

  Linux、FreeBSD操作系统都允许添加ip别名。IP别名背后的概念很简单:可以在一块物理网卡上绑定多个ip地址。这样就可以在单一网卡的同一个服务器上运行多个基于ip的虚拟主机,nginx多ip虚拟主机配置如下:

http{
 #第一个虚拟主机
 server {
     listen     192.168.1.1:8000;
     server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

     location / {
         root   html;
         index  index.html index.htm;
     }
 }
 #第二个虚拟主机
 server {
      listen      192.168.1.2:8000;
      server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

      location / {
          root   html;
          index  index.html index.htm;
     }
 }
}

1.3 配置基于多域名的虚拟主机

  基于域名的虚拟主机是最常见的虚拟主机。只需配置你的DNS服务器,将每个主机名映射到正确的ip地址,然后配置Nginx服务器,令其识别不同的主机名就可以了。Nginx配置如下:

http{
 #第一个虚拟主机
 server {
     listen     8000;
     server_name  www.baidu.com;

     location / {
         root   html;
         index  index.html index.htm;
     }
 }
 #第二个虚拟主机
 server {
      listen      8000;
       server_name  www.weibo.com;

      location / {
          root   html;
          index  index.html index.htm;
     }
 }
}