利用Python，我们可以搭建一个简单的Web服务器，这里我参考了：
https://ruslanspivak.com/lsbaws-part1/
https://ruslanspivak.com/lsbaws-part2/
https://ruslanspivak.com/lsbaws-part3/
PART 1
一个简单Python(2.7)代码如下：
import socket
HOST, PORT = "", 8888
listen_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
listen_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) #保证服务器的监听socket,即listen_socket在
#关闭后对应的端口能够立即释放，否则将会在数分钟后才能释放
listen_socket.bind((HOST, PORT))
listen_socket.listen(1)
print "Serving HTTP on port %s ..." % PORT
while True:
client_connection, client_address = listen_socket.accept()
request = client_connection.recv(1024)
print request
http_response = """\
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Hello, World!
"""
client_connection.sendall(http_response)
client_connection.close()
用浏览器登录 localhost:8888 可以打开一个打印着 "hello world" 的页面。而服务器则打印了如下信息：
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8888
Connection: keep-alive
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/60.0.3112.113 Safari/537.36
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8
GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8888
Connection: keep-alive
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/60.0.3112.113 Safari/537.36
Accept: image/webp,image/apng,image/*,*/*;q=0.8
Referer: http://localhost:8888/
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8可以发现使用浏览器访问web服务器时，浏览器发送的消息如上。
使用telnet分析：
$ telnet localhost 8888
Trying ::1...
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
mick
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Hello, World!
Connection closed by foreign host.
在连接成功后随便输入，例如 mick ，终端的反馈如上。
如果输入：
$ telnet localhost 8888
Trying ::1...
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.1
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Hello, World!
Connection closed by foreign host.
则相当于模拟了一次浏览器请求。
我们的简易web服务器还缺少http消息的解析和处理功能。导致客户端不论发什么，都收到：
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Hello, World!的http响应。
PART 2
应用WSGI，方便我们更加自由选择web服务器与web框架。下面是一个简易的WSGI应用：
# Tested with Python 2.7.9, Linux & Mac OS X
import socket
import StringIO
import sys
class WSGIServer(object):
address_family = socket.AF_INET
socket_type = socket.SOCK_STREAM
request_queue_size = 1
def __init__(self, server_address):
# Create a listening socket
self.listen_socket = listen_socket = socket.socket(
self.address_family,
self.socket_type
)
# Allow to reuse the same address
listen_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
# Bind
listen_socket.bind(server_address)
# Activate
listen_socket.listen(self.request_queue_size)
# Get server host name and port
host, port = self.listen_socket.getsockname()[:2]
self.server_name = socket.getfqdn(host)
self.server_port = port
# Return headers set by Web framework/Web application
self.headers_set = []
def set_app(self, application):
self.application = application
def serve_forever(self):
listen_socket = self.listen_socket
while True:
# New client connection
self.client_connection, client_address = listen_socket.accept()
# Handle one request and close the client connection. Then
# loop over to wait for another client connection
self.handle_one_request()
def handle_one_request(self):
self.request_data = request_data = self.client_connection.recv(1024)
# Print formatted request data a la 'curl -v'
print(''.join(
'< {line}\n'.format(line=line)
for line in request_data.splitlines()
))
self.parse_request(request_data)
# Construct environment dictionary using request data
env = self.get_environ()
# It's time to call our application callable and get
# back a result that will become HTTP response body
result = self.application(env, self.start_response)
# Construct a response and send it back to the client
self.finish_response(result)
def parse_request(self, text):
request_line = text.splitlines()[0]
request_line = request_line.rstrip('\r\n')
# Break down the request line into components
(self.request_method, # GET
self.path, # /hello
self.request_version # HTTP/1.1
) = request_line.split()
def get_environ(self):
env = {}
# The following code snippet does not follow PEP8 conventions
# but it's formatted the way it is for demonstration purposes
# to emphasize the required variables and their values
#
# Required WSGI variables
env['wsgi.version'] = (1, 0)
env['wsgi.url_scheme'] = 'http'
env['wsgi.input'] = StringIO.StringIO(self.request_data)
env['wsgi.errors'] = sys.stderr
env['wsgi.multithread'] = False
env['wsgi.multiprocess'] = False
env['wsgi.run_once'] = False
# Required CGI variables
env['REQUEST_METHOD'] = self.request_method # GET
env['PATH_INFO'] = self.path # /hello
env['SERVER_NAME'] = self.server_name # localhost
env['SERVER_PORT'] = str(self.server_port) # 8888
return env
def start_response(self, status, response_headers, exc_info=None):
# Add necessary server headers
server_headers = [
('Date', 'Tue, 31 Mar 2015 12:54:48 GMT'),
('Server', 'WSGIServer 0.2'),
]
self.headers_set = [status, response_headers + server_headers]
# To adhere to WSGI specification the start_response must return
# a 'write' callable. We simplicity's sake we'll ignore that detail
# for now.
# return self.finish_response
def finish_response(self, result):
try:
status, response_headers = self.headers_set
response = 'HTTP/1.1 {status}\r\n'.format(status=status)
for header in response_headers:
response += '{0}: {1}\r\n'.format(*header)
response += '\r\n'
for data in result:
response += data
# Print formatted response data a la 'curl -v'
print(''.join(
'> {line}\n'.format(line=line)
for line in response.splitlines()
))
self.client_connection.sendall(response)
finally:
self.client_connection.close()
SERVER_ADDRESS = (HOST, PORT) = '', 8888
def make_server(server_address, application):
server = WSGIServer(server_address)
server.set_app(application)
return server
if __name__ == '__main__':
if len(sys.argv) < 2:
sys.exit('Provide a WSGI application object as module:callable')
app_path = sys.argv[1]
module, application = app_path.split(':')
module = __import__(module)
application = getattr(module, application)
httpd = make_server(SERVER_ADDRESS, application)
print('WSGIServer: Serving HTTP on port {port} ...\n'.format(port=PORT))
httpd.serve_forever()
相比之前的代码，长了不少，但这已经是一个最轻量的代码了，让你不用陷入细节。使用这段代码，你可以让你的web应用于你喜欢的框架中，例如Pyramid, Flask, Django或其他框架。
为了模拟这些框架，我们推荐使用virtualenv，按照下面的步骤安装并启动一个虚拟环境
1、首先下载并安装 virtualenv，尽量使用1.9及以上的版本（这里我使用了1.9）
2、
$ mkdir ~/envs
$ virtualenv ~/envs/lsbaws/
$ cd ~/envs/lsbaws/
$ ls
bin include lib
$ source bin/activate
(lsbaws) $ pip install pyramid
(lsbaws) $ pip install flask
(lsbaws) $ pip install django
3、使用下面的 pyramidapp.py 用作应用（以 pyramid为例）
from pyramid.config import Configurator
from pyramid.response import Response
def hello_world(request):
return Response(
'Hello world from Pyramid!\n',
content_type='text/plain',
)
config = Configurator()
config.add_route('hello', '/hello')
config.add_view(hello_world, route_name='hello')
app = config.make_wsgi_app()
4、 最好将你的服务器及应用代码都放在~/envs/lsbaws/，然后用 ./bin 下面的 python 来运行，终端下输入：
~/envs/lsbaws$ bin/python server.py pyramidapp:app
WSGIServer: Serving HTTP on port 8888 ...
5、打开浏览器，得到
注意坑：遇到一个坑，在执行了
~/envs/lsbaws$ bin/python server.py pyramidapp:app
后报错，说是：
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "pyramidapp.py", line 1, in <module>
from pyramid.config import Configurator
ImportError: No module named pyramid.config
在overstack上看到一个解答：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17136716/import-configurator-error-for-python-pyramid
1) Make sure you are running the virtualenv
$ env/bin/python helloworld.py （即：使用virtualenv下的python）
2) Make sure you installed pyramid into the virtualenv
$ env/bin/python
>>> import pyramid.config （即：看环境是否配好，这里如果报错就说明环境还有问题，可以重搞一遍）
#ImportError or not?
其他如Flask, Django框架类似。WSGI是粘合Web服务器与Web框架的绝佳工具。
PART 3
还有一个问题，如何让我们的Web更好应对并发？这是一个关乎性能的重要问题。
Version 1.0
import socket
HOST, PORT = "", 8888
def handle_request(client_fd):
request = client_fd.recv(2048)
print request
http_response = """\
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Hello, World!
"""
client_fd.sendall(http_response)
def serve_forever():
listen_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
listen_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
listen_socket.bind((HOST, PORT))
listen_socket.listen(5)
print "Serving HTTP on port %s ..." % PORT
while True:
client_fd, client_addr = listen_socket.accept()
handle_request(client_fd)
client_fd.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
serve_forever()
这种方式下服务器在任意时间下只能处理一个连接，非常之差。
老早在学习C语言下的Socket编程时，我们可以通过fork()或pthread_create()来使用多进程多线程来并行。那么python下应该也是类似的。
Version 1.1
import socket
import os
HOST, PORT = "", 8888
def handle_request(client_fd):
request = client_fd.recv(2048)
print request
http_response = """\
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Hello, World!
"""
client_fd.sendall(http_response)
def serve_forever():
listen_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
listen_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
listen_socket.bind((HOST, PORT))
listen_socket.listen(5)
print "Serving HTTP on port %s ..." % PORT
while True:
client_fd, client_addr = listen_socket.accept()
pid = os.fork()
if pid == 0:
listen_socket.close()
handle_request(client_fd)
client_fd.close()
os._exit(0)
else:
client_fd.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
serve_forever()
果然，这里使用了fork()开启多进程。
关于为什么需要在父进程中关闭 client_fd ，主要是因为如果父进程不关闭 client_fd，那么该 fd 的引用永远不会减到0，该 tcp 连接就不会关闭，一来无故占用fd，当这样的连接过多时服务器的fd会被消耗完，二来该 tcp 连接无法关闭，即使客户端对应的 fd 关闭了，服务器端的 fd 没有关闭，客户端就永远等不到服务器发来的 fin 信息，导致该 tcp 连接一直存在。如果我们使用 curl 指令为例，就会发现在客户端的终端里，该连接关闭不了。
下面演示下当不关闭子进程中的fd：
$ python server.py
Serving HTTP on port 8888 ...
使用netstat -nta 查看所有tcp连接得到：
然后发起连接
$ curl http://localhost:8888/
Hello, World!
得到：
连接没有关闭，强制关闭 curl，发现
参考四次挥手过程可知，现在缺的就是服务器向客户端发送 fin 信息，原因就是服务器这边的 fd 尚未关闭。
僵尸进程：
除了 fd 的问题，以上代码还会产生僵尸进程。僵尸进程是指子进程先于父进程退出，退出后会保留一些进程号，退出状态等子进程信息，本需要父进程回收，但父进程没有回收这些信息，导致了僵尸进程。
Z+就是僵尸进程。大量的僵尸进程同样会占用很多资源，如何处理？常用的方法：
1、kill掉父进程，这样这些僵尸进程会被 init 回收；
2、父进程调用 wait() 主动回收。
方法一太粗暴不可行，方法二将会阻塞父进程，同样不可取。还记得信号吗？让子进程在退出后发送信号给父进程，再由父进程回收，这是一种可行的方法。子进程在退出后会给父进程发送 SIGCHLD 信号，我们可以添加自己处理函数来回收僵尸进程。于是，我们的代码改为：
Version 1.2
import socket
import signal
import os
HOST, PORT = "", 8888
def handle_exit(signum, frame):
pid, status = os.wait()
print "get SIGCHLD from: %u" % pid
def handle_request(client_fd):
request = client_fd.recv(2048)
print request
http_response = """\
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Hello, World!
"""
client_fd.sendall(http_response)
def serve_forever():
listen_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
listen_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
listen_socket.bind((HOST, PORT))
listen_socket.listen(5)
print "Serving HTTP on port %s ..." % PORT
signal.signal(signal.SIGCHLD, handle_exit)
while True:
client_fd, client_addr = listen_socket.accept()
pid = os.fork()
if pid == 0:
listen_socket.close()
handle_request(client_fd)
client_fd.close()
os._exit(0)
else:
client_fd.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
serve_forever()
使用 curl 后居然报错：
到底做错了什么？
稍稍修改一下就能解决：
Version 1.3
import socket
import errno
import signal
import os
HOST, PORT = "", 8888
def handle_exit(signum, frame):
pid, status = os.wait()
print "get SIGCHLD from: %u" % pid
def handle_request(client_fd):
request = client_fd.recv(2048)
print request
http_response = """\
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Hello, World!
"""
client_fd.sendall(http_response)
def serve_forever():
listen_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
listen_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
listen_socket.bind((HOST, PORT))
listen_socket.listen(5)
print "Serving HTTP on port %s ..." % PORT
signal.signal(signal.SIGCHLD, handle_exit)
while True:
try:
client_fd, client_addr = listen_socket.accept()
except IOError as e:
code, msg = e.args
# restart 'accept' if it was interrupted
if code == errno.EINTR:
continue
else:
raise
pid = os.fork()
if pid == 0:
listen_socket.close()
handle_request(client_fd)
client_fd.close()
os._exit(0)
else:
client_fd.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
serve_forever()
这回不会中断了，但之前错误的原因我还不清楚，知道的不吝赐教。
以上代码貌似是没有问题了，可是！添加如下客户端代码：
import argparse
import errno
import os
import socket
SERVER_ADDRESS = 'localhost', 8888
REQUEST = """\
GET /hello HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8888
"""
def main(max_clients, max_conns):
socks = []
for client_num in range(max_clients):
pid = os.fork()
if pid == 0:
for connection_num in range(max_conns):
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sock.connect(SERVER_ADDRESS)
sock.sendall(REQUEST)
socks.append(sock)
os._exit(0)
if __name__ == '__main__':
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
description='Test client for LSBAWS.',
formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter,
)
parser.add_argument(
'--max-conns',
type=int,
default=1024,
help='Maximum number of connections per client.'
)
parser.add_argument(
'--max-clients',
type=int,
default=1,
help='Maximum number of clients.'
)
args = parser.parse_args()
main(args.max_clients, args.max_conns)
这段客户端代码可以解析外部参数调整开启的TCP连接数。如：
python client.py --max-clients 128
开启了128个客户端。再次查看僵尸进程发现：
又有僵尸进程了，原因是在同一时间过多子进程发送信号，但是并没有很好的管理这些信号，导致有的信号被忽略了。
再次修改得到本文的最终版：
import socket
import errno
import signal
import os
HOST, PORT = "", 8888
def handle_exit(signum, frame):
while True:
try:
pid, status = os.waitpid(
-1, # Wait for any child process
os.WNOHANG # Do not block and return EWOULDBLOCK error
)
except OSError:
return
if pid == 0: # no more zombies
return
print "get SIGCHLD from: %u" % pid
def handle_request(client_fd):
request = client_fd.recv(2048)
print request
http_response = """\
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Hello, World!
"""
client_fd.sendall(http_response)
def serve_forever():
listen_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
listen_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
listen_socket.bind((HOST, PORT))
listen_socket.listen(5)
print "Serving HTTP on port %s ..." % PORT
signal.signal(signal.SIGCHLD, handle_exit)
while True:
try:
client_fd, client_addr = listen_socket.accept()
except IOError as e:
code, msg = e.args
# restart 'accept' if it was interrupted
if code == errno.EINTR:
continue
else:
raise
pid = os.fork()
if pid == 0:
listen_socket.close()
handle_request(client_fd)
client_fd.close()
os._exit(0)
else:
client_fd.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
serve_forever()
这回是真的没问题了。
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