python如何调用脚本或者shell指令?
方法1:
os.system()
只得到命令成功与否的执行状态
>>> import os
>>> os.system('free -m')
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 474 463 11 0 13 29
-/+ buffers/cache: 420 54
Swap: 1023 415 608
>>> ret=os.system('free -m')
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 474 464 10 0 12 30
-/+ buffers/cache: 420 53
Swap: 1023 415 608
>>> print ret #返回状态码是0,表示shell执行成功
0
方法2:
os.popen
通过 os.popen() 返回的是 file read 的对象,对其进行读取 read() 的操作可以看到执行的输出。但是无法读取程序执行的返回值)
>>> import os
>>> output = os.popen('free -mt')
>>> print output.read()
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 7823 3445 215 64 4162 3864
Swap: 3071 270 2801
Total: 10895 3716 3016
方法3:
commands.getstatusoutput() && commands.getoutput()
commands.getstatusoutput() 既可以输出执行成功与否的状态,也会输出执行结果
commands.getoutput() 只输出执行结果
>>> import commands
>>> (status, output) = commands.getstatusoutput('free -mt')
>>> print status
0
>>> print output
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 7823 3475 188 64 4159 3834
Swap: 3071 270 2801
Total: 10895 3746 2989
>>> output = commands.getoutput('free -mt')
>>> print output
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 7823 3475 188 64 4159 3834
Swap: 3071 270 2801
Total: 10895 3746 2989
当命令调用错误时:
>>> (status, output) = commands.getstatusoutput('free -aaa')
>>> print status
256
>>> print output
free: invalid option -- 'a'
Usage:
free [options]
Options:
-b, --bytes show output in bytes
-k, --kilo show output in kilobytes
-m, --mega show output in megabytes
-g, --giga show output in gigabytes
--tera show output in terabytes
-h, --human show human-readable output
--si use powers of 1000 not 1024
-l, --lohi show detailed low and high memory statistics
-t, --total show total for RAM + swap
-s N, --seconds N repeat printing every N seconds
-c N, --count N repeat printing N times, then exit
-w, --wide wide output
--help display this help and exit
-V, --version output version information and exit
For more details see free(1).
方法4:
subprocess子进程(功能强大,最常使用的方式)
subprocess模块是python从2.4版本开始引入的模块。主要用来取代 一些旧的模块方法,如os.system、os.spawn*、os.popen*、commands.*等。subprocess通过子进程来执行外部指令,并通过input/output/error管道,获取子进程的执行的返回信息。
(1)subprocess.call执行命令,并返回状态,类似os.system(),shell=True可以直接调用命令,而shell=False命令和参数需要分开
>>> output = subprocess.call(['free','-mt'],shell=False)
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 7823 3446 209 64 4167 3863
Swap: 3071 270 2801
Total: 10895 3716 3011
>>> print output
0
>>> output = subprocess.call('free -mt',shell=True)
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 7823 3445 209 64 4167 3863
Swap: 3071 270 2801
Total: 10895 3716 3010
>>> print output
0
(2)subprocess.check_call 用法与subprocess.call()类似,区别是,当返回值不为0时,还会抛出python层面的异常
>>> output = subprocess.call('la -ltrh',shell=True)
/bin/sh: la: command not found
>>> output = subprocess.check_call('la -ltrh',shell=True)
/bin/sh: la: command not found
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/usr/lib64/python2.7/subprocess.py", line 542, in check_call
raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd)
subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command 'la -ltrh' returned non-zero exit status 127
(3)suprocess.Popen()
在一些复杂场景中,我们需要将一个进程的执行输出作为另一个进程的输入。在另一些场景中,我们需要先进入到某个输入环境,然后再执行一系列的指令等。这个时候我们就需要使用到suprocess.Popen()方法。该方法有以下参数:
args:shell命令,可以是字符串,或者序列类型,如list,tuple。
stdin,stdout,stderr:分别表示程序的标准输入,标准输出及标准错误
shell:True或False
cwd:用于设置子进程的当前目录
env:用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env=None,则默认从父进程继承环境变量
universal_newlines:不同系统的的换行符不同,当该参数设定为true时,则表示使用\n作为换行符
如:在/usr/local/mysql下创建一个suprocesstest的目录:
>>> output = subprocess.Popen('mkdir subprocesstest',shell=True,cwd='/usr/local/mysql')
>>> output = subprocess.Popen('ls -ld sub*',shell=True,cwd='/usr/local/mysql')
drwxr-xr-x 2 mysqladmin dba 6 Mar 5 16:12 subprocesstest
使用标准输出stdout和标准错误stderr,不会把输出结果返回到显示屏上
>>> child1 = subprocess.Popen('free -mt',shell=True)
>>> total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 7823 3446 204 64 4172 3863
Swap: 3071 270 2801
Total: 10895 3716 3006
>>> child1 = subprocess.Popen('free -mt',shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> output = child1.communicate()
>>> print output
(' total used free shared buff/cache available\nMem: 7823 3446 201 64 4175 3862\nSwap: 3071 270 2801\nTotal: 10895 3717 3002\n', None)
>>> child1 = subprocess.Popen('lss',shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
/bin/sh: lss: command not found
>>> child1 = subprocess.Popen('lss',shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> output = child1.communicate()
>>> print output
('', '/bin/sh: lss: command not found\n')
将一个子进程的输出,作为另一个子进程的输入,相当于管道,如:cat /etc/passwd|grep 'root'
>>> import subprocess
>>> child1 = subprocess.Popen(["cat","/etc/passwd"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> child2 = subprocess.Popen(["grep","root"],stdin=child1.stdout, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> output = child2.communicate()
>>> print output
('root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\noperator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin\n', None)
封装一个函数:功能是调用系统命令:
import subprocess
def f1(cmd):
a = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
output = a.stdout.read()
code = a.wait()
return code, output
print f1('ls')
print f1('lll')
输出结果:
>>> print f1('ls')
(0, 'tb.txt\ntest2.py\ntest.py\n')
>>> print f1('lll')
(127, '/bin/sh: lll: command not found\n')
https://blog.51cto.com/darrenmemos/2359348