马哥linux培训第一周作业

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1、描述计算机的组成及其功能。

计算机由cpu，内存，io设备组成

cpu是由计算器和控制器组成。

常用io包括，键盘，显示器，磁盘，网卡

内存负责运行时数据存取

io主要用于数据输入输出

2按系列罗列Linux的发行版，并描述不同发行版之间的联系与区别

linux的主流发行版有debian，redhat，gentoo，slackware，suse，arch

Debian
     ubuntu
            mint
    knopix
slackware
    suse
          opensuse
redhat
     ehel
         centos
    fedore core
gentoo

archlinux

各发行版公用同一个linux内核。linux发行版分为个人版和企业版，区别主要是软件库不同，启动系统服务不同，开机启动项不同，网络配置方式不同。

3描述Linux的哲学思想，并按照自己的理解对其进行解释性描述。

linux哲学思想有：

1一切兼文件

2组合众多小程序完成复杂功能

4说明Linux系统上命令的使用格式；详细介绍ifconfig、echo、tty、startx、export、pwd、history、shutdown、poweroff、reboot、hwclock、date命令的使用，并配合相应的示例来阐述。

ifconfig：

   查看所有激活的网络配置 

[root@node1 ~]# ifconfig
docker0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.17.0.1  netmask 255.255.0.0  broadcast 0.0.0.0
        ether 02:42:4f:1e:bb:83  txqueuelen 0  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.198.141  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.198.255
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fee9:100e  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:e9:10:0e  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 66941  bytes 4564903 (4.3 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 288472  bytes 18206331 (17.3 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 7734601  bytes 728193439 (694.4 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 7734601  bytes 728193439 (694.4 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

查看某块网卡的网络配置：

[root@node1 ~]# ifconfig ens33
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.198.141  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.198.255
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fee9:100e  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:e9:10:0e  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 66975  bytes 4567679 (4.3 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 288567  bytes 18214157 (17.3 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

查看所有网卡的网络配置，包括未激活：

[root@node1 ~]# ifconfig -a
docker0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.17.0.1  netmask 255.255.0.0  broadcast 0.0.0.0
        ether 02:42:4f:1e:bb:83  txqueuelen 0  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.198.141  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.198.255
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fee9:100e  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:e9:10:0e  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 67034  bytes 4571817 (4.3 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 288746  bytes 18225931 (17.3 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 7744705  bytes 729358117 (695.5 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 7744705  bytes 729358117 (695.5 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

禁用某块网卡：

[root@node1 ~]# ifconfig docker0 down
[root@node1 ~]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.198.141  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.198.255
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fee9:100e  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:e9:10:0e  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 67303  bytes 4593512 (4.3 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 289093  bytes 18263821 (17.4 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 7751096  bytes 729971860 (696.1 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 7751096  bytes 729971860 (696.1 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

 

 

 

启用某块网卡：

[root@node1 ~]# ifconfig docker0 up
[root@node1 ~]# ifconfig
docker0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.17.0.1  netmask 255.255.0.0  broadcast 0.0.0.0
        ether 02:42:4f:1e:bb:83  txqueuelen 0  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.198.141  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.198.255
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fee9:100e  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:e9:10:0e  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 67402  bytes 4600878 (4.3 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 289299  bytes 18278599 (17.4 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 7754146  bytes 730141910 (696.3 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 7754146  bytes 730141910 (696.3 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

设置IP地址：

[root@node1 ~]# ifconfig docker0  172.17.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
[root@node1 ~]# ifconfig docker0
docker0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.17.0.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 172.17.0.255
        ether 02:42:4f:1e:bb:83  txqueuelen 0  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

取消multicast功能：

[root@node1 ~]# ifconfig docker0 -multicast
[root@node1 ~]# ifconfig docker0
docker0: flags=3<UP,BROADCAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.17.0.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 172.17.0.255
        ether 02:42:4f:1e:bb:83  txqueuelen 0  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

启用multicast功能

[root@node1 ~]# ifconfig docker0 multicast
[root@node1 ~]# ifconfig docker0
docker0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.17.0.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 172.17.0.255
        ether 02:42:4f:1e:bb:83  txqueuelen 0  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

echo ,显示文字

[root@node1 ~]# echo "hello \n world"
hello \n world

 

[root@node1 ~]# echo -e "hello \n world"
hello 
 world

tty显示终端号

[root@node1 ~]# tty
/dev/pts/1

startx：启动图像界面

export：导出环境变量

[root@node1 ~]# b=1
[root@node1 ~]# c=2
[root@node1 ~]# bash
[root@node1 ~]# echo $b

[root@node1 ~]# exit
exit
[root@node1 ~]# export b
[root@node1 ~]# bash
[root@node1 ~]# echo $b
1
[root@node1 ~]# echo $c

[root@node1 ~]#

pwd打印当前工作目录：

[root@node1 ~]# pwd
/root
[root@node1 ~]#

history命令历史：

查看内存中命令历史：

[root@node1 ~]# history
   12  history
   13  cat .bash_history 
   14  history

清空内存中命令历史：

[root@node1 ~]# history -c
[root@node1 ~]# history
   12  history
[root@node1 ~]#

命令历史记录文件：

more .bash_history

将内存中的命令历史追加到历史文件：

[root@node1 ~]# history -a

将内存中命令历史覆盖命令历史文件：

[root@node1 ~]# history -w
[root@node1 ~]# cat .bash_history 
history
more .bash_history 
history -a
cat .bash_history
history -a
history -w
[root@node1 ~]#

删除某一位置命令历史：

[root@node1 ~]# history
   12  history
   13  more .bash_history 
   14  history -a
   15  cat .bash_history
   16  history -a
   17  history -w
   18  cat .bash_history 
   19  history
[root@node1 ~]# history -d 18
[root@node1 ~]# history
   12  history
   13  more .bash_history 
   14  history -a
   15  cat .bash_history
   16  history -a
   17  history -w
   18  history
   19  history -d 18
   20  history

读取命令历史文件命令到内存中：

[root@node1 ~]# history -r
[root@node1 ~]# history
   12  history
   13  history -n
   14  history
   15  history -r
   16  history
   17  more .bash_history 
   18  history -a
   19  cat .bash_history
   20  history -a
   21  history -w
   22  history

相关环境变量：

[root@node1 ~]# echo $HISTFILE
/root/.bash_history
[root@node1 ~]# echo $HISTSIZE
1000
[root@node1 ~]#

shutdown关机：

关机取消关机：

[root@node1 ~]# shutdown
Shutdown scheduled for Sat 2018-06-23 11:42:41 CST, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.
[root@node1 ~]# 
Broadcast message from root@node1 (Sat 2018-06-23 11:41:41 CST):

The system is going down for power-off at Sat 2018-06-23 11:42:41 CST!

^C
[root@node1 ~]# shutdown -c
[root@node1 ~]# 
Broadcast message from root@node1 (Sat 2018-06-23 11:41:51 CST):

The system shutdown has been cancelled at Sat 2018-06-23 11:42:51 CST!

重启：

shutdown -r

5分钟后重启，并提示信息

[root@node1 ~]# shutdown -r +5 "be careful going to reboot"
Shutdown scheduled for Sat 2018-06-23 11:51:58 CST, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.
[root@node1 ~]# 
Broadcast message from root@node1 (Sat 2018-06-23 11:46:58 CST):

be careful going to reboot
The system is going down for reboot at Sat 2018-06-23 11:51:58 CST!

 

poweroff：直接关机

 

reboot：重启

hwclock：硬件时钟

查看硬件时钟：

[root@node1 ~]# hwclock -r
Sat 23 Jun 2018 11:56:17 AM CST  -0.287433 seconds

写入当前系统时间到硬件：

[root@node1 ~]# hwclock -w
[root@node1 ~]# hwclock -r
Sat 23 Jun 2018 11:57:26 AM CST  -0.443789 seconds

设置硬件时钟为某个时间：

[root@node1 ~]# hwclock --set --date="2011-08-14 16:45:05"
[root@node1 ~]# hwclock -r
Sun 14 Aug 2011 04:45:12 PM CST  -1.025827 seconds

date：显示设置系统时间

显示当前时间：

[root@node1 ~]# date
Sat Jun 23 12:02:48 CST 2018

[root@node1 ~]# date +'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %W' 
2018-06-23 12:10:58 25

[root@node1 ~]# date -d "tomorrow"
Sun Jun 24 12:08:34 CST 2018
[root@node1 ~]# date -d "yesterday"
Fri Jun 22 12:08:43 CST 2018
[root@node1 ~]# date -d "1 hour"
Sat Jun 23 13:08:48 CST 2018
[root@node1 ~]# date -d "2 day ago"
Thu Jun 21 12:08:54 CST 2018
[root@node1 ~]# date -d "3 month ago" 
Fri Mar 23 12:08:59 CST 2018
[root@node1 ~]# date -d "2 year"
Tue Jun 23 12:09:04 CST 2020
[root@node1 ~]# date -d "last friday" 
Fri Jun 22 00:00:00 CST 2018
[root@node1 ~]# date -d "next week"
Sat Jun 30 12:09:19 CST 2018
[root@node1 ~]# date -d "next month"
Mon Jul 23 12:09:26 CST 2018

设置时间：

[root@node1 ~]# date -s "20200101 10:01:10"
Wed Jan  1 10:01:10 CST 2020
[root@node1 ~]# date
Wed Jan  1 10:01:14 CST 2020

5、如何在Linux系统上获取命令的帮助信息，请详细列出，并描述man文档的章节是如何划分的。

获取命令帮助的方式有：

help command

man command

command --help 

info command

man各章节的含义：（数字表示章节）

1、所有用户可以使用的命令
2、系统内核调用，不是每个命令都有系统调用（如：man 2 read）
3、库调用
4、特殊文件，如：/dev/tty1
5、文件格式（命令配置文件的语法，如：man 5 passwd）
6、游戏相关
7、杂项

8、管理员命令，如：fdisk

6、请罗列Linux发行版的基础目录名称命名法则及功用规定

/bin  普通用户命令

/sbin 管理员命令

/etc 配置文件

/usr 用户安装程序位置

/opt 第三方程序

/proc 系统内存状态伪文件系统

/sys 伪文件系统

/boot 启动时使用到的文件

/tmp 临时目录

/root 管理员家目录

/home 用户目录根

/dev 设备文件目录

/mnt 挂载点目录

/var 可变状态存储