Oracle 10g includes a number of amendments to the MERGE statement making it more flexible.
Related articles.
Test Table
The following examples use the table defined below.
CREATE TABLE test1 AS SELECT * FROM all_objects WHERE 1=2;
Optional Clauses
The MATCHED and NOT MATCHED clauses are now optional making all of the following examples valid.
-- Both clauses present.
MERGE INTO test1 a
USING all_objects b
ON (a.object_id = b.object_id)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET a.status = b.status
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT (object_id, status)
VALUES (b.object_id, b.status);
-- No matched clause, insert only.
MERGE INTO test1 a
USING all_objects b
ON (a.object_id = b.object_id)
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT (object_id, status)
VALUES (b.object_id, b.status);
-- No not-matched clause, update only.
MERGE INTO test1 a
USING all_objects b
ON (a.object_id = b.object_id)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET a.status = b.status;Conditional Operations
Conditional inserts and updates are now possible by using a WHERE clause on these statements.
-- Both clauses present.
MERGE INTO test1 a
USING all_objects b
ON (a.object_id = b.object_id)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET a.status = b.status
WHERE b.status != 'VALID'
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT (object_id, status)
VALUES (b.object_id, b.status)
WHERE b.status != 'VALID';
-- No matched clause, insert only.
MERGE INTO test1 a
USING all_objects b
ON (a.object_id = b.object_id)
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT (object_id, status)
VALUES (b.object_id, b.status)
WHERE b.status != 'VALID';
-- No not-matched clause, update only.
MERGE INTO test1 a
USING all_objects b
ON (a.object_id = b.object_id)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET a.status = b.status
WHERE b.status != 'VALID';DELETE Clause
An optional DELETE WHERE clause can be added to the MATCHED clause to clean up after a merge operation. Only those rows in the destination table that match both the ON clause and the DELETE WHERE are deleted. Depending on which table the DELETE WHERE references, it can target the rows prior or post update. The following examples clarify this.
Create a source table with 5 rows as follows.
CREATE TABLE source AS
SELECT level AS id,
CASE
WHEN MOD(level, 2) = 0 THEN 10
ELSE 20
END AS status,
'Description of level ' || level AS description
FROM dual
CONNECT BY level <= 5;
SELECT * FROM source;
ID STATUS DESCRIPTION
---------- ---------- -----------------------
1 20 Description of level 1
2 10 Description of level 2
3 20 Description of level 3
4 10 Description of level 4
5 20 Description of level 5
5 rows selected.
SQL>Create the destination table using a similar query, but this time with 10 rows.
CREATE TABLE destination AS
SELECT level AS id,
CASE
WHEN MOD(level, 2) = 0 THEN 10
ELSE 20
END AS status,
'Description of level ' || level AS description
FROM dual
CONNECT BY level <= 10;
SELECT * FROM destination;
1 20 Description of level 1
2 10 Description of level 2
3 20 Description of level 3
4 10 Description of level 4
5 20 Description of level 5
6 10 Description of level 6
7 20 Description of level 7
8 10 Description of level 8
9 20 Description of level 9
10 10 Description of level 10
10 rows selected.
SQL>The following MERGE statement will update all the rows in the destination table that have a matching row in the source table. The additional DELETE WHERE clause will delete only those rows that were matched, already in the destination table, and meet the criteria of the DELETE WHERE clause.
MERGE INTO destination d
USING source s
ON (s.id = d.id)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET d.description = 'Updated'
DELETE WHERE d.status = 10;
5 rows merged.
SQL>
SELECT * FROM destination;
ID STATUS DESCRIPTION
---------- ---------- -----------------------
1 20 Updated
3 20 Updated
5 20 Updated
6 10 Description of level 6
7 20 Description of level 7
8 10 Description of level 8
9 20 Description of level 9
10 10 Description of level 10
8 rows selected.
SQL>Notice there are rows with a status of "10" that were not deleted. This is because there was no match between the source and destination for these rows, so the delete was not applicable.
The following example shows the DELETE WHERE can be made to match against values of the rows before the update operation, not after. In this case, all matching rows have their status changed to "10", but the DELETE WHERE references the source data, so the status is checked against the source, not the updated values.
ROLLBACK;
MERGE INTO destination d
USING source s
ON (s.id = d.id)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET d.description = 'Updated',
d.status = 10
DELETE WHERE s.status = 10;
5 rows merged.
SQL>
SELECT * FROM destination;
ID STATUS DESCRIPTION
---------- ---------- -----------------------
1 10 Updated
3 10 Updated
5 10 Updated
6 10 Description of level 6
7 20 Description of level 7
8 10 Description of level 8
9 20 Description of level 9
10 10 Description of level 10
8 rows selected.
SQL>Notice, no extra rows were deleted compared to the previous example.
By switching the DELETE WHERE to reference the destination table, the extra updated rows can be deleted also.
ROLLBACK;
MERGE INTO destination d
USING source s
ON (s.id = d.id)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET d.description = 'Updated',
d.status = 10
DELETE WHERE d.status = 10;
5 rows merged.
SQL>
SELECT * FROM destination;
ID STATUS DESCRIPTION
---------- ---------- -----------------------
6 10 Description of level 6
7 20 Description of level 7
8 10 Description of level 8
9 20 Description of level 9
10 10 Description of level 10
5 rows selected.
SQL>For more information see:
