从10.2.0.3开始 DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM有三个选项：OFF TYPICAL FULL
在10.2.0.3之前 DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM有2个选项： TRUE FALSE
在11g中DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM和 DB_BLOCK_CHECKING参数 被 DB_ULTRA_SAFE参数整合到一起：
DB_ULTRA_SAFE sets the default values for other parameters that control protection levels.
Values:
OFF
When any of DB_BLOCK_CHECKING, DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM, or DB_LOST_WRITE_PROTECT are explicitly set, no changes are made.
DATA_ONLY
DB_BLOCK_CHECKING will be set to MEDIUM.
DB_LOST_WRITE_PROTECT will be set to TYPICAL.
DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM will be set to FULL.
DATA_AND_INDEX
DB_BLOCK_CHECKING will be set to FULL.
DB_LOST_WRITE_PROTECT will be set to TYPICAL.
DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM will be set to FULL.
DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM 参数决定了DBWn进程和直接路径读取进程是否为块计算checksum并将该checksum存放在每个数据块的cache header并写入到磁盘中。当该数据块被读取时，该checksum会受到验证， 前提是DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM 被设置为TYPICAL 或 FULL，且最近一次该块的写出中存有checksum。
在FULL模式下，Oracle还会当块要发生变化应用前对该块验证checksum，并会在DML update/insert/delete语句引起变化被应用到块后再次计算该checksum。
此外，Oracle会对写入到当前redo日志文件的每一个redo block计算checksum。
若该参数设置为OFF，则 DBWn进程仅为system表空间上的对象计算checksum， 而对于普通表空间不计算。
checksum让Oracle具备检测由底层磁盘、存储子系统、IO子系统引起的坏块。
若设置为FULL， 则DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM还会捕捉内存讹误并避免将存在逻辑讹误的块被写入到磁盘上。
官方文档介绍设置DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM为TYPICAL模式可能引起1%-2%的性能损耗，设置为FULL mode可能引起4%-5%的性能损耗。
除非有极高的数据安全性要求，否则推荐用户设置DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM为TYPICAL。
实际测试发现在 Linux +版本11.2.0.3上DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM=FULL对普通的内存讹误(memory corruption)几乎无效，详见以下测试：
SQL> select * from v$version;
BANNER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - 64bit Production
PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
CORE 11.2.0.3.0 Production
TNS for Linux: Version 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
SQL> show parameter db_block
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
db_block_buffers integer 0
db_block_checking string FULL
db_block_checksum string FULL
db_block_size integer 8192
create table maclean_corruption(t1 int) tablespace system;
insert into maclean_corruption values(1);
insert into maclean_corruption values(1);
commit;
1* select t1,dump(t1,16) from maclean_corruption
SQL> /
T1 DUMP(T1,16)
---------- ------------------------------
1 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
1 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
SQL> select dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_relative_fno(rowid) from maclean_corruption;
DBMS_ROWID.ROWID_BLOCK_NUMBER(ROWID) DBMS_ROWID.ROWID_RELATIVE_FNO(ROWID)
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
89985 1
89985 1
ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS 'immediate trace name buffers level 3';
SQL> oradebug setmypid
Statement processed.
SQL> oradebug tracefile_name
/s01/diag/rdbms/prodb/PRODB/trace/PRODB_ora_28545.trc
BH (0xb0f748c8) file#: 1 rdba: 0x00415f81 (1/89985) class: 1 ba: 0xb0154000
set: 6 pool: 3 bsz: 8192 bsi: 0 sflg: 2 pwc: 0,0
dbwrid: 0 obj: 76977 objn: 76977 tsn: 0 afn: 1 hint: f
hash: [0xce69cd58,0xce69cd58] lru: [0xb0f74ae0,0xb0f74880]
obj-flags: object_ckpt_list
ckptq: [0xb0f6c168,0xb0f76a08] fileq: [0xb0f6c178,0xb0f76a18] objq: [0xc70de768,0xc70de768] objaq: [0xc70de748,0xc70de748]
st: XCURRENT md: NULL fpin: 'kcbwh6: kcbnew' tch: 4
flags: buffer_dirty redo_since_read
LRBA: [0xc.92.0] LSCN: [0x0.2329de] HSCN: [0x0.2329e0] HSUB: [1]
buffer tsn: 0 rdba: 0x00415f81 (1/89985)
scn: 0x0000.002329e0 seq: 0x01 flg: 0x06 tail: 0x29e00601
frmt: 0x02 chkval: 0x0a60 type: 0x06=trans data
Hex dump of block: st=0, typ_found=1
Dump of memory from 0x00000000B0154000 to 0x00000000B0156000
0B0154000 0000A206 00415F81 002329E0 06010000 [....._A..)#.....]
0B0154010 00000A60 00000001 00012CB1 002329DD [`........,...)#.]
0B0154020 00000000 00030002 00000000 001E0002 [................]
0B0154030 00000348 00C0312E 0032008E 00002002 [H....1....2.. ..]
0B0154040 002329E0 00000000 00000000 00000000 [.)#.............]
0B0154050 00000000 00000000 00000000 00020100 [................]
0B0154060 0016FFFF 1F781F94 00001F78 1F9A0002 [......x.x.......]
0B0154070 00001F94 00000000 00000000 00000000 [................]
0B0154080 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 [................]
Repeat 497 times
0B0155FA0 5F840000 C1020041 41000645 41004C50 [..._A...E..APL.A]
0B0155FB0 00415F83 0432C102 275F4100 00000000 [._A...2..A_'....]
0B0155FC0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 [................]
Repeat 2 times
0B0155FF0 0201012C 012C02C1 02C10201 29E00601 [,.....,........)]
Block header dump: 0x00415f81
Object id on Block? Y
seg/obj: 0x12cb1 csc: 0x00.2329dd itc: 2 flg: O typ: 1 - DATA
fsl: 0 fnx: 0x0 ver: 0x01
Itl Xid Uba Flag Lck Scn/Fsc
0x01 0x0002.01e.00000348 0x00c0312e.008e.32 --U- 2 fsc 0x0000.002329e0
0x02 0x0000.000.00000000 0x00000000.0000.00 ---- 0 fsc 0x0000.00000000
bdba: 0x00415f81
data_block_dump,data header at 0xb015405c
===============
tsiz: 0x1fa0
hsiz: 0x16
pbl: 0xb015405c
76543210
flag=--------
ntab=1
nrow=2
frre=-1
fsbo=0x16
fseo=0x1f94
avsp=0x1f78
tosp=0x1f78
0xe:pti[0] nrow=2 offs=0
0x12:pri[0] offs=0x1f9a
0x14:pri[1] offs=0x1f94
block_row_dump:
tab 0, row 0, @0x1f9a
tl: 6 fb: --H-FL-- lb: 0x1 cc: 1
col 0: [ 2] c1 02
tab 0, row 1, @0x1f94
tl: 6 fb: --H-FL-- lb: 0x1 cc: 1
col 0: [ 2] c1 02
end_of_block_dump
0B0155FF0 0201012C 012C02C1 02C10201 29E00601 [,.....,........)]
0B0155FF4 012C02C1 这里的 02C1即 C102=> 十进制的 "1"
0B0155FF8 02C10201 同样的 02C1即 C102=> 十进制的 "1"
修改 02C1为 04C1 即将 1修改为 3
oradebug setmypid
oradebug poke 0x0B0155FF4 4 0x012C04C1
SQL> select t1,dump(t1,16) from maclean_corruption;
T1 DUMP(T1,16)
---------- ------------------------------
1 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,2
3 Typ=2 Len=2: c1,4
SQL> delete maclean_corruption where t1=3;
1 row deleted.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> alter system flush buffer_cache;
System altered.
SQL> select * from maclean_corruption;
T1
----------
1
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS 'immediate trace name buffers level 3';
Session altered.
0B004BFF0 0201023C 002C04C1 02C10201 2B350601
oradebug poke 0x0B004BFF8 4 0x50C10201;
BEFORE: [0B004BFF8, 0B004BFFC) = FFC10201
AFTER: [0B004BFF8, 0B004BFFC) = 50C10201
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> select * from maclean_corruption;
T1
----------
79
SQL> update maclean_corruption set t1=t1+1 where t1=80;
0 rows updated.
SQL> update maclean_corruption set t1=t1+1 where t1=79;
1 row updated.
SQL> select * from maclean_corruption;
T1
----------
80
SQL>
SQL> oradebug peek 0x0B004BFF8 4
[0B004BFF8, 0B004BFFC) = 50C10201
BH (0xafff92d8) file#: 1 rdba: 0x00415f81 (1/89985) class: 1 ba: 0xaff4a000
set: 6 pool: 3 bsz: 8192 bsi: 0 sflg: 2 pwc: 0,0
dbwrid: 0 obj: 76977 objn: 76977 tsn: 0 afn: 1 hint: f
hash: [0xb0f6ab88,0xce69cd58] lru: [0xafff94f0,0xcd1371e8]
obj-flags: object_ckpt_list
ckptq: [0xcd1554b8,0xcd1554b8] fileq: [0xcd1554d8,0xcd1554d8] objq: [0xc80e2bc0,0xc80e2bc0] objaq: [0xc80e2ba0,0xc80e2ba0]
st: XCURRENT md: NULL fpin: 'kdswh11: kdst_fetch' tch: 5
flags: buffer_dirty redo_since_read
LRBA: [0xc.1d7.0] LSCN: [0x0.232b9d] HSCN: [0x0.232bb7] HSUB: [1]
buffer tsn: 0 rdba: 0x00415f81 (1/89985)
scn: 0x0000.00232bb7 seq: 0x01 flg: 0x06 tail: 0x2bb70601
frmt: 0x02 chkval: 0x5e6a type: 0x06=trans data
Hex dump of block: st=0, typ_found=1
Dump of memory from 0x00000000AFF4A000 to 0x00000000AFF4C000
0AFF4A000 0000A206 00415F81 00232BB7 06010000 [....._A..+#.....]
0AFF4A010 00005E6A 00000001 00012CB1 00232B33 [j^.......,..3+#.]
0AFF4A020 00000000 00030002 00000000 000D0003 [................]
0AFF4A030 00000346 00C03094 0021008F 00002001 [F....0....!.. ..]
0AFF4A040 00232BB7 0004000A 00000290 00C00AF0 [.+#.............]
0AFF4A050 0028007B 00072001 00232B35 00020100 [{.(.. ..5+#.....]
0AFF4A060 0016FFFF 1F781F94 00001F81 1F9A0002 [......x.........]
0AFF4A070 00001F94 00000000 00000000 00000000 [................]
0AFF4A080 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 [................]
Repeat 497 times
0AFF4BFA0 5F840000 C1020041 41000645 41004C50 [..._A...E..APL.A]
0AFF4BFB0 00415F83 0432C102 275F4100 00000000 [._A...2..A_'....]
0AFF4BFC0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 [................]
Repeat 2 times
0AFF4BFF0 0201023C 012C04C1 51C10201 2BB70601 [
Block header dump: 0x00415f81
Object id on Block? Y
seg/obj: 0x12cb1 csc: 0x00.232b33 itc: 2 flg: O typ: 1 - DATA
fsl: 0 fnx: 0x0 ver: 0x01
Itl Xid Uba Flag Lck Scn/Fsc
0x01 0x0003.00d.00000346 0x00c03094.008f.21 --U- 1 fsc 0x0000.00232bb7
0x02 0x000a.004.00000290 0x00c00af0.007b.28 --U- 1 fsc 0x0007.00232b35
bdba: 0x00415f81
data_block_dump,data header at 0xaff4a05c
===============
tsiz: 0x1fa0
hsiz: 0x16
pbl: 0xaff4a05c
76543210
flag=--------
ntab=1
nrow=2
frre=-1
fsbo=0x16
fseo=0x1f94
avsp=0x1f78
tosp=0x1f81
0xe:pti[0] nrow=2 offs=0
0x12:pri[0] offs=0x1f9a
0x14:pri[1] offs=0x1f94
block_row_dump:
tab 0, row 0, @0x1f9a
tl: 6 fb: --H-FL-- lb: 0x1 cc: 1
col 0: [ 2] c1 51
tab 0, row 1, @0x1f94
tl: 2 fb: --HDFL-- lb: 0x2
end_of_block_dump
0AFF4BFF0 0201023C 012C04C1 51C10201 2BB70601
oradebug poke 0x0AFF4BFF8 4 0x59C10201; ==> 修改 51=》59 记修改T1=80 为88
select * from maclean_corruption;
T1
----------
88
SQL> delete maclean_corruption where t1=88;
1 row deleted.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> alter system flush buffer_cache;
System altered.
SQL> /
System altered.
SQL> alter system archive log current;
System altered.
SQL> /
System altered.
SQL> select * from maclean_corruption;
no rows selected
SQL>
SQL> analyze table maclean_corruption validate structure;
Table analyzed.
以上通过oradebug poke命令反复修改数据库块内的T1字段，模拟数据块在内存中出现内存讹误(block corruption in memory)，发现DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM=FULL对该种简单的内存讹误却无法实际检测到(这不代表DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM=TYPICAL无法检查到检测由底层磁盘、存储子系统、IO子系统引起的坏块，DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM=TYPICAL仍是检测物理坏块的最佳默认推荐配置)，通过update/delete修改对应手工讹误的内存块，均可以正常工作并生成redo且flush脏块(dirty buffer)到磁盘上，则会将该内存讹误的情况持久化，且即便在db_block_checking=FULL的情况下也无法检测到一丁点逻辑讹误，这说明不管是db_block_checksum还是db_block_checking都对内存中数据块的细微讹误无法有效检测，虽然这不代表checksum+checking无法检测到更破坏块结构的内存讹误，但多少还是有些悲哀的。
