1.mysqldump：
shell> mysqldump [options] db_name [tbl_name ...] #可以备份单个数据库的单个表，不会自动创建数据库，恢复时需要先创建数据库 shell> mysqldump [options] --databases db_name ... shell> mysqldump [options] --all-databases 例如： mysqldump -uroot --databases hellodb > /root/hellodbbak.sql #仅备份一个数据库 mysqldump -uroot --databases hellodb mysql > /root/dbbak.sql #同时备份多个库
对于MyIsam引擎的数据库：
MyISAM：支持温备；锁定备份库，而后启动备份操作；
锁定方法：
--lock-all-tables：锁定所有库的所有表；
--lock-tables：对于每个单独的数据库，在启动备份之前锁定其所有表
上面两个参数对InnoDB表一样生效，实现温备；
InnoDB：支持热备；
--single-transaction 备份数据前启动一个事务，达到数据一致效果
其它选项：
-E, --events：备份指定数据库相关的所有event scheduler；
-R, --routines：备份指定数据库相关的所有存储过程和存储函数；
--triggers：备份表相关的触发器；
--master-data[=#]:
1：记录为CHANGE MASTER TO语句，此语句不被注释；
2：记录为注释的CHANGE MASTER TO语句；
CHANGE MASTER TO记录了启动备份前时间处于哪个二进制文件的哪个位置
--flush-logs：锁定表完成后，执行flush logs命令可以实现二进制日志滚动
注意：二进制日志文件不应该与数据文件放在同一磁盘；二进制日志文件记录了全库信息，不能执行单独库还原，除非编辑它只针对一个库作用后再还原。
应该经常对二进制文件做增量备份，例如每过半填，让二进制日志自动滚动一次，把之前的备份起来。
示例：
[root@testserver ~]# mysqldump -uroot --databases hellodb --lock-tables --master-data=2 > /root/hellodbbak.sql
[root@testserver ~]# less hellodbbak.sql | grep CHANGE
-- CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000011', MASTER_LOG_POS=7655;#这样就得到了当前使用的二进制日志文件名和当前记录位置
修改当前库里的某些数据：
MariaDB [hellodb]> INSERT INTO students (Name,Age,Gender,ClassID,TeacherID) VALUES ('Chao Gai',47,'M',3,7);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
DELETE FROM students WHERE StuID=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
此时mysql服务器挂了，我们把数据还原到另一个服务器上，执行恢复操作：
还原前要注意先要关掉二进制日志，否则产生大量IO set sql_log_bin=0，等还原完成再开启，还原时在mysql交互式模式下用source命令
[root@node1 ~]# mysql < hellodbbak.sql
查看恢复的状况：发现没有完全恢复：晁盖没进来，谢烟客还在
MariaDB [hellodb]> SELECT * FROM students;
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| StuID | Name | Age | Gender | ClassID | TeacherID |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| 1 | Shi Zhongyu | 22 | M | 2 | 3 |
| 2 | Shi Potian | 22 | M | 1 | 7 |
| 3 | Xie Yanke | 53 | M | 2 | 16 |
| 4 | Ding Dian | 32 | M | 4 | 4 |
| 5 | Yu Yutong | 26 | M | 3 | 1 |
| 6 | Shi Qing | 46 | M | 5 | NULL |
| 7 | Xi Ren | 19 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 8 | Lin Daiyu | 17 | F | 7 | NULL |
| 9 | Ren Yingying | 20 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 10 | Yue Lingshan | 19 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 11 | Yuan Chengzhi | 23 | M | 6 | NULL |
| 12 | Wen Qingqing | 19 | F | 1 | NULL |
| 13 | Tian Boguang | 33 | M | 2 | NULL |
| 14 | Lu Wushuang | 17 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 15 | Duan Yu | 19 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 16 | Xu Zhu | 21 | M | 1 | NULL |
| 17 | Lin Chong | 25 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 18 | Hua Rong | 23 | M | 7 | NULL |
| 19 | Xue Baochai | 18 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 20 | Diao Chan | 19 | F | 7 | NULL |
| 21 | Huang Yueying | 22 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 22 | Xiao Qiao | 20 | F | 1 | NULL |
| 23 | Ma Chao | 23 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 24 | Xu Xian | 27 | M | NULL | NULL |
| 25 | Sun Dasheng | 100 | M | NULL | NULL |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
25 rows in set (0.00 sec)
继续使用二进制文件恢复：根据上面列出来的二进制日志文件和当前记录位置
[root@testserver ~]# mysqlbinlog --start-position=7655 /mydata/data/mysql-bin.000011 > incre.sql
看一下这个二进制日志文件：
[root@testserver ~]# mysqlbinlog --start-position 7655 /mydata/data/mysql-bin.000011
/*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=1*/;
/*!40019 SET @@session.max_insert_delayed_threads=0*/;
/*!50003 SET @OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE=@@COMPLETION_TYPE,COMPLETION_TYPE=0*/;
DELIMITER /*!*/;
# at 4
#151110 21:35:57 server id 1 end_log_pos 245 Start: binlog v 4, server v 5.5.44-MariaDB-log created 151110 21:35:57 at startup
# Warning: this binlog is either in use or was not closed properly.
ROLLBACK/*!*/;
BINLOG '
vfJBVg8BAAAA8QAAAPUAAAABAAQANS41LjQ0LU1hcmlhREItbG9nAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAC98kFWEzgNAAgAEgAEBAQEEgAA2QAEGggAAAAICAgCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAA8nm5Lg==
'/*!*/;
# at 7655
#151110 23:14:20 server id 1 end_log_pos 7726 Query thread_id=10 exec_time=0 error_code=0
SET TIMESTAMP=1447168460/*!*/;
SET @@session.pseudo_thread_id=10/*!*/;
SET @@session.foreign_key_checks=1, @@session.sql_auto_is_null=0, @@session.unique_checks=1, @@session.autocommit=1/*!*/;
SET @@session.sql_mode=0/*!*/;
SET @@session.auto_increment_increment=1, @@session.auto_increment_offset=1/*!*/;
/*!\C utf8 *//*!*/;
SET @@session.character_set_client=33,@@session.collation_connection=33,@@session.collation_server=33/*!*/;
SET @@session.lc_time_names=0/*!*/;
SET @@session.collation_database=DEFAULT/*!*/;
BEGIN
/*!*/;
# at 7726
#151110 23:14:20 server id 1 end_log_pos 7754 Intvar
SET INSERT_ID=26/*!*/;
# at 7754
#151110 23:14:20 server id 1 end_log_pos 7907 Query thread_id=10 exec_time=0 error_code=0
use `hellodb`/*!*/;
SET TIMESTAMP=1447168460/*!*/;
INSERT INTO students (Name,Age,Gender,ClassID,TeacherID) VALUES ('Chao Gai',47,'M',3,7)
/*!*/;
# at 7907
#151110 23:14:20 server id 1 end_log_pos 7934 Xid = 780
COMMIT/*!*/;
# at 7934
#151110 23:16:55 server id 1 end_log_pos 8005 Query thread_id=10 exec_time=0 error_code=0
SET TIMESTAMP=1447168615/*!*/;
BEGIN
/*!*/;
# at 8005
#151110 23:16:55 server id 1 end_log_pos 8105 Query thread_id=10 exec_time=0 error_code=0
SET TIMESTAMP=1447168615/*!*/;
DELETE FROM students WHERE StuID=3
/*!*/;
# at 8105
#151110 23:16:55 server id 1 end_log_pos 8132 Xid = 781
COMMIT/*!*/;
DELIMITER ;
# End of log file
ROLLBACK /* added by mysqlbinlog */;
/*!50003 SET COMPLETION_TYPE=@OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE*/;
/*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=0*/;
拷贝到那台好的服务器进行还原：
[root@testserver ~]# scp incre.sql root@192.168.3.131:/root/
root@192.168.3.131's password:
incre.sql 100% 2373 2.3KB/s 00:00
[root@node1 ~]# mysql < incre.sql
查看：发现谢烟客没了，晁盖来了，数据被完整恢复了！
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| StuID | Name | Age | Gender | ClassID | TeacherID |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| 1 | Shi Zhongyu | 22 | M | 2 | 3 |
| 2 | Shi Potian | 22 | M | 1 | 7 |
| 4 | Ding Dian | 32 | M | 4 | 4 |
| 5 | Yu Yutong | 26 | M | 3 | 1 |
| 6 | Shi Qing | 46 | M | 5 | NULL |
| 7 | Xi Ren | 19 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 8 | Lin Daiyu | 17 | F | 7 | NULL |
| 9 | Ren Yingying | 20 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 10 | Yue Lingshan | 19 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 11 | Yuan Chengzhi | 23 | M | 6 | NULL |
| 12 | Wen Qingqing | 19 | F | 1 | NULL |
| 13 | Tian Boguang | 33 | M | 2 | NULL |
| 14 | Lu Wushuang | 17 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 15 | Duan Yu | 19 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 16 | Xu Zhu | 21 | M | 1 | NULL |
| 17 | Lin Chong | 25 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 18 | Hua Rong | 23 | M | 7 | NULL |
| 19 | Xue Baochai | 18 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 20 | Diao Chan | 19 | F | 7 | NULL |
| 21 | Huang Yueying | 22 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 22 | Xiao Qiao | 20 | F | 1 | NULL |
| 23 | Ma Chao | 23 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 24 | Xu Xian | 27 | M | NULL | NULL |
| 25 | Sun Dasheng | 100 | M | NULL | NULL |
| 26 | Chao Gai | 47 | M | 3 | 7 |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
25 rows in set (0.00 sec)2.基于LVM2进行热备：
创建一个mysql的数据目录，使用lvm：
[root@testserver ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4):
Value out of range.
Partition number (1-4): 3
First cylinder (7859-15665, default 7859):
Using default value 7859
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (7859-15665, default 15665): +20G
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-4): 3
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 3 to 8e (Linux LVM)
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
做LVM：
[root@testserver ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 3
[root@testserver ~]# pvcreate /dev/sda3
Physical volume "/dev/sda3" successfully created
[root@testserver ~]# vgcreate myvg /dev/sda3
Volume group "myvg" successfully created
[root@testserver ~]# lvcreate -L 10G -n mydata myvg
Logical volume "mydata" created
[root@testserver ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
mydata myvg -wi-a----- 10.00g
root vg0 -wi-ao---- 20.00g
swap vg0 -wi-ao---- 2.00g
usr vg0 -wi-ao---- 10.00g
var vg0 -wi-ao---- 20.00g
格式化：
mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/myvg/mydata
开机自动挂载：
mkdir /mydata/
在fstab文件中添加/dev/myvg/mydata /mydata ext4 defaults 0 0
mount -a
mkdir /mydata/data
chown mysql.mysql /mydata/data/ -R
编辑my.cnf：在mysqld段加如下内容
datadir=/mydata/data
innodb_file_per_table = ON
skip_name_resolve = ON
log-bin=mysql-bin
binlog_format=mixed
启动mysql service mysqld start
现在先导入一个数据库，就用前面的备份文件
cp hellodbbak.sql incre.sql /tmp
MariaDB [(none)]> set sql_log_bin=0 #临时关闭二进制日志
-> ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> source /tmp/hellodbbak.sql; #导入
MariaDB [hellodb]> SET sql_log_bin=1; #开启二进制日志
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
查看二进制日志状态：
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW MASTER LOGS;
+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 245 |
| mysql-bin.000002 | 245 |
+------------------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW MASTER STATUS;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000002 | 245 | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
因为导入时关闭了二进制日志功能，所以没有产生新的二进制日志，避免了大量IO
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW BINLOG EVENTS IN 'mysql-bin.000002';
+------------------+-----+-------------+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Log_name | Pos | Event_type | Server_id | End_log_pos | Info |
+------------------+-----+-------------+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| mysql-bin.000002 | 4 | Format_desc | 1 | 245 | Server ver: 5.5.44-MariaDB-log, Binlog ver: 4 |
+------------------+-----+-------------+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
(1) 请求锁定所有表；
mysql> FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;
(2) 记录二进制日志文件及事件位置；可以先滚动下日志
mysql> FLUSH LOGS;
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW MASTER STATUS;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000002 | 245 | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> FLUSH LOGS;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.49 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW MASTER STATUS;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000003 | 245 | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
mysql> SHOW MASTER STATUS;
好的方法：
mysql -e 'flush logs;'
mysql -e 'SHOW MASTER STATUS' > /tmp/pos.`date +%F`
(3) 创建快照；
[root@testserver ~]# lvcreate -L 500M -n mydata-snap -p r -s /dev/myvg/mydata
Logical volume "mydata-snap" created
(4) 释放锁
mysql> UNLOCK TABLES;
(5) 挂载快照卷，执行数据备份；
(6) 备份完成后，删除快照卷；
(7) 制定好策略，通过原卷备份二进制日志；
删除两行试试：
MariaDB [(none)]> use hellodb;
Database changed
MariaDB [hellodb]> DELETE FROM students WHERE StuID=5
-> ;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
MariaDB [hellodb]> DELETE FROM students WHERE StuID=11;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.08 sec)
二进制日志position从245变到了642
MariaDB [hellodb]> SHOW MASTER STATUS;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000003 | 642 | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
挂载快照卷：
mount -r /dev/myvg/mydata-snap /mnt/
查看快照里的内容
[root@testserver data]# ls /mnt/
data
[root@testserver data]# ls /mnt/data/
aria_log.00000001 ibdata1 mysql mysql-bin.index
aria_log_control ib_logfile0 mysql-bin.000001 testserver.err
hellodb ib_logfile1 mysql-bin.000002 testserver.pid
执行备份：
[root@testserver data]# cp -a /mnt/data/ /tmp/
[root@testserver mysql]# rm -rf mysql-bin.*
[root@testserver data]# cp -a /mydata/data/mysql-bin.000003 /tmp
模拟故障：
service mysqld stop
[root@testserver data]# rm -rf /mydata/data/*
还原：
root@testserver data]# cp -a /tmp/data/* /mydata/data/
重启查看：
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW MASTER LOGS;
+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 245 |
+------------------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [hellodb]> SELECT * FROM students;
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| StuID | Name | Age | Gender | ClassID | TeacherID |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| 1 | Shi Zhongyu | 22 | M | 2 | 3 |
| 2 | Shi Potian | 22 | M | 1 | 7 |
| 3 | Xie Yanke | 53 | M | 2 | 16 |
| 4 | Ding Dian | 32 | M | 4 | 4 |
| 5 | Yu Yutong | 26 | M | 3 | 1 |
| 6 | Shi Qing | 46 | M | 5 | NULL |
| 7 | Xi Ren | 19 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 8 | Lin Daiyu | 17 | F | 7 | NULL |
| 9 | Ren Yingying | 20 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 10 | Yue Lingshan | 19 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 11 | Yuan Chengzhi | 23 | M | 6 | NULL |
| 12 | Wen Qingqing | 19 | F | 1 | NULL |
| 13 | Tian Boguang | 33 | M | 2 | NULL |
| 14 | Lu Wushuang | 17 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 15 | Duan Yu | 19 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 16 | Xu Zhu | 21 | M | 1 | NULL |
| 17 | Lin Chong | 25 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 18 | Hua Rong | 23 | M | 7 | NULL |
| 19 | Xue Baochai | 18 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 20 | Diao Chan | 19 | F | 7 | NULL |
| 21 | Huang Yueying | 22 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 22 | Xiao Qiao | 20 | F | 1 | NULL |
| 23 | Ma Chao | 23 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 24 | Xu Xian | 27 | M | NULL | NULL |
| 25 | Sun Dasheng | 100 | M | NULL | NULL |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
25 rows in set (0.01 sec)
使用bin-log继续继续恢复：
查看位置：
less /tmp/pos.2015-11-11
mysqlbinlog --start-position=245 /tmp/mysql-bin.000003 > /tmp/incre.sql
mysql < /tmp/incre.sql（这里应该使用source命令导入，临时关闭sql_log_bin）
恢复完成：
MariaDB [hellodb]> SELECT * FROM students;
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| StuID | Name | Age | Gender | ClassID | TeacherID |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| 1 | Shi Zhongyu | 22 | M | 2 | 3 |
| 2 | Shi Potian | 22 | M | 1 | 7 |
| 3 | Xie Yanke | 53 | M | 2 | 16 |
| 4 | Ding Dian | 32 | M | 4 | 4 |
| 6 | Shi Qing | 46 | M | 5 | NULL |
| 7 | Xi Ren | 19 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 8 | Lin Daiyu | 17 | F | 7 | NULL |
| 9 | Ren Yingying | 20 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 10 | Yue Lingshan | 19 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 12 | Wen Qingqing | 19 | F | 1 | NULL |
| 13 | Tian Boguang | 33 | M | 2 | NULL |
| 14 | Lu Wushuang | 17 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 15 | Duan Yu | 19 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 16 | Xu Zhu | 21 | M | 1 | NULL |
| 17 | Lin Chong | 25 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 18 | Hua Rong | 23 | M | 7 | NULL |
| 19 | Xue Baochai | 18 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 20 | Diao Chan | 19 | F | 7 | NULL |
| 21 | Huang Yueying | 22 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 22 | Xiao Qiao | 20 | F | 1 | NULL |
| 23 | Ma Chao | 23 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 24 | Xu Xian | 27 | M | NULL | NULL |
| 25 | Sun Dasheng | 100 | M | NULL | NULL |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
23 rows in set (0.00 sec)3.xtrabackup实现备份：
使用日志序列号lsn来识别时增量备份还是完全备份，以及保证增量备份可以在线进行
