在本章中,您将学习如何在Perl程序中使用SQLite。

安装

可以使用Perl DBI模块将SQLite3与Perl集成,该模块是Perl编程语言的数据库访问模块。它定义了一组提供标准数据库接口的方法,变量和约定。

以下是在Linux/UNIX计算机上安装DBI模块的简单步骤-

$wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/T/TI/TIMB/DBI-1.625.tar.gz
$tar xvfz DBI-1.625.tar.gz
$cd DBI-1.625
$perl Makefile.PL
$make
$make install

如果您需要为DBI安装SQLite驱动程序,则可以如下安装-

$wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/M/MS/MSERGEANT/DBD-SQLite-1.11.tar.gz
$tar xvfz DBD-SQLite-1.11.tar.gz
$cd DBD-SQLite-1.11
$perl Makefile.PL
$make
$make install

DBI接口API

以下是重要的DBI教程可以满足您在Perl程序中使用SQLite数据库的要求。如果正在寻找更复杂的应用程序,则可以查阅Perl DBI官方文档。

Sr.No. API & 描述
1

DBI->connect($data_source, "", "",\%attr)

创建与请求的$data_source的数据库连接或会话。如果连接成功,则返回数据库句柄对象。

数据源的格式类似于- DBI:SQLite:dbname ='test.db',其中SQLite是SQLite驱动程序名称,而test.db是SQLite数据库文件的名称。如果文件名以':memory:'给出,它将在RAM中创建一个内存数据库,该数据库仅在会话期间有效。

如果文件名是实际的设备文件名,则它将尝试使用其值来打开数据库文件。如果不存在该名称的文件,则将创建一个新的该名称的数据库文件。

您将第二个和第三个参数保留为空白字符串,最后一个参数将传递各种属性。

2

$dbh->do($sql)

该例程准备并执行一个SQL语句。返回受影响或未定义错误的行数。返回值-1表示行数未知,不适用或不可用。在这里,$ dbh是由DBI-> connect()调用返回的句柄。

3

$dbh->prepare($sql)

该示例程准备一条语句供数据库引擎以后执行,并返回对语句句柄对象的引用。

4

$sth->execute()

该例程执行执行准备好的语句所需的任何处理。如果发生错误,则返回undef。无论受影响的行数如何,成功执行总是返回true。在这里,$ sth是$ dbh-> prepare($ sql)调用返回的语句句柄。

5

$sth->fetchrow_array()

该示例程获取下一行数据,并将其作为包含字段值的列表返回。空字段作为列表中的undef值返回。

6

$DBI::err

这等效于$ h-> err,其中$ h是$ dbh,$ sth或$ drh之类的任何句柄类型。这将从最后一个调用的驱动程序方法返回本机数据库引擎错误代码。

7

$DBI::errstr

这等效于$ h-> errstr,其中$ h是$ dbh,$ sth或$ drh之类的任何句柄类型。这将从最后一个调用的DBI方法返回本机数据库引擎错误消息。

8

$dbh->disconnect()

该例程关闭以前通过调用DBI-> connect()打开的数据库连接。

连接到数据库

以下Perl代码显示了如何连接到现有数据库。如果数据库不存在,则将创建该数据库,最后将返回一个数据库对象。

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver   = "SQLite"; 
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 }) 
   or die $DBI::errstr;

print "Opened database successfully\n";

现在,让无涯教程运行上面的程序在当前目录中创建数据库test.db。您可以根据需要更改路径。将上面的代码保存在sqlite.pl文件中,并如下所示执行它。如果数据库创建成功,则将显示以下消息-

$chmod +x sqlite.pl
$./sqlite.pl
Open database successfully

创建表

以下Perl程序用于在先前创建的数据库中创建表。

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
   or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";

my $stmt = qq(CREATE TABLE COMPANY
   (ID INT PRIMARY KEY     NOT NULL,
      NAME           TEXT    NOT NULL,
      AGE            INT     NOT NULL,
      ADDRESS        CHAR(50),
      SALARY         REAL););

my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt);
if($rv < 0) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
} else {
   print "Table created successfully\n";
}
$dbh->disconnect();

执行上述程序后,它将在test.db中创建COMPANY表,并将显示以下消息-

Opened database successfully
Table created successfully

注意-如果您在任何操作中看到以下错误-

DBD::SQLite::st execute failed: not an error(21) at dbdimp.c line 398

在这种情况下,打开DBD-SQLite安装中可用的 dbdimp.c文件,并找到 sqlite3_prepare()函数并将其第三个参数更改为 -1 而不是0。最后,使用 make 安装DBD::SQLite并执行 make install 解决此问题。

插入操作

以下Perl程序显示了如何在上面的示例中创建的COMPANY表中创建记录。

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
   or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";

my $stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
               VALUES (1, 'Paul', 32, 'California', 20000.00 ));
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;

$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
               VALUES (2, 'Allen', 25, 'Texas', 15000.00 ));
$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;

$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
               VALUES (3, 'Teddy', 23, 'Norway', 20000.00 ));

$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;

$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
               VALUES (4, 'Mark', 25, 'Rich-Mond ', 65000.00 ););

$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;

print "Records created successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();

执行上述程序后,它将在COMPANY表中创建给定记录,并将显示以下两行-

Opened database successfully
Records created successfully

选择操作

以下Perl程序演示了如何从在上面的示例中创建的COMPANY表中获取和显示记录。

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
   or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";

my $stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
my $rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;

if($rv < 0) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
}

while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
      print "ID=". $row[0] . "\n";
      print "NAME=". $row[1] ."\n";
      print "ADDRESS=". $row[2] ."\n";
      print "SALARY= ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();

执行上述程序时,将产生以下输出。

Opened database successfully
ID=1
NAME=Paul
ADDRESS=California
SALARY= 20000

ID=2
NAME=Allen
ADDRESS=Texas
SALARY= 15000

ID=3
NAME=Teddy
ADDRESS=Norway
SALARY= 20000

ID=4
NAME=Mark
ADDRESS=Rich-Mond
SALARY= 65000

Operation done successfully

更新操作

以下Perl代码显示了如何使用UPDATE语句更新任何记录,然后从COMPANY表中获取并显示更新的记录。

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
   or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";

my $stmt = qq(UPDATE COMPANY set SALARY = 25000.00 where ID=1;);
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;

if( $rv < 0 ) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
} else {
   print "Total number of rows updated : $rv\n";
}
$stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
$rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;

if($rv < 0) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
}

while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
      print "ID=". $row[0] . "\n";
      print "NAME=". $row[1] ."\n";
      print "ADDRESS=". $row[2] ."\n";
      print "SALARY= ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();

执行上述程序时,将产生以下输出。

Opened database successfully
Total number of rows updated : 1
ID=1
NAME=Paul
ADDRESS=California
SALARY= 25000

ID=2
NAME=Allen
ADDRESS=Texas
SALARY= 15000

ID=3
NAME=Teddy
ADDRESS=Norway
SALARY= 20000

ID=4
NAME=Mark
ADDRESS=Rich-Mond
SALARY= 65000

Operation done successfully

删除操作

以下Perl代码显示了如何使用DELETE语句删除任何记录,然后从COMPANY表中获取并显示其余记录-

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
   or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";

my $stmt = qq(DELETE from COMPANY where ID = 2;);
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;

if( $rv < 0 ) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
} else {
   print "Total number of rows deleted : $rv\n";
}

$stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
$rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;

if($rv < 0) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
}

while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
      print "ID=". $row[0] . "\n";
      print "NAME=". $row[1] ."\n";
      print "ADDRESS=". $row[2] ."\n";
      print "SALARY= ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();

执行上述程序时,将产生以下输出。

Opened database successfully
Total number of rows deleted : 1
ID=1
NAME=Paul
ADDRESS=California
SALARY=25000

ID=3
NAME=Teddy
ADDRESS=Norway
SALARY=20000

ID=4
NAME=Mark
ADDRESS=Rich-Mond
SALARY=65000

Operation done successfully

参考链接

https://www.learnfk.com/sqlite/sqlite-perl.html