在本章中,您将学习如何在Perl程序中使用SQLite。
安装
可以使用Perl DBI模块将SQLite3与Perl集成,该模块是Perl编程语言的数据库访问模块。它定义了一组提供标准数据库接口的方法,变量和约定。
以下是在Linux/UNIX计算机上安装DBI模块的简单步骤-
$wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/T/TI/TIMB/DBI-1.625.tar.gz $tar xvfz DBI-1.625.tar.gz $cd DBI-1.625 $perl Makefile.PL $make $make install
如果您需要为DBI安装SQLite驱动程序,则可以如下安装-
$wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/M/MS/MSERGEANT/DBD-SQLite-1.11.tar.gz $tar xvfz DBD-SQLite-1.11.tar.gz $cd DBD-SQLite-1.11 $perl Makefile.PL $make $make install
DBI接口API
以下是重要的DBI教程可以满足您在Perl程序中使用SQLite数据库的要求。如果正在寻找更复杂的应用程序,则可以查阅Perl DBI官方文档。
Sr.No. | API & 描述 |
---|---|
1 |
DBI->connect($data_source, "", "",\%attr) 创建与请求的$data_source的数据库连接或会话。如果连接成功,则返回数据库句柄对象。 数据源的格式类似于- DBI:SQLite:dbname ='test.db',其中SQLite是SQLite驱动程序名称,而test.db是SQLite数据库文件的名称。如果文件名以':memory:'给出,它将在RAM中创建一个内存数据库,该数据库仅在会话期间有效。 如果文件名是实际的设备文件名,则它将尝试使用其值来打开数据库文件。如果不存在该名称的文件,则将创建一个新的该名称的数据库文件。 您将第二个和第三个参数保留为空白字符串,最后一个参数将传递各种属性。 |
2 |
$dbh->do($sql) 该例程准备并执行一个SQL语句。返回受影响或未定义错误的行数。返回值-1表示行数未知,不适用或不可用。在这里,$ dbh是由DBI-> connect()调用返回的句柄。 |
3 |
$dbh->prepare($sql) 该示例程准备一条语句供数据库引擎以后执行,并返回对语句句柄对象的引用。 |
4 |
$sth->execute() 该例程执行执行准备好的语句所需的任何处理。如果发生错误,则返回undef。无论受影响的行数如何,成功执行总是返回true。在这里,$ sth是$ dbh-> prepare($ sql)调用返回的语句句柄。 |
5 |
$sth->fetchrow_array() 该示例程获取下一行数据,并将其作为包含字段值的列表返回。空字段作为列表中的undef值返回。 |
6 |
$DBI::err 这等效于$ h-> err,其中$ h是$ dbh,$ sth或$ drh之类的任何句柄类型。这将从最后一个调用的驱动程序方法返回本机数据库引擎错误代码。 |
7 |
$DBI::errstr 这等效于$ h-> errstr,其中$ h是$ dbh,$ sth或$ drh之类的任何句柄类型。这将从最后一个调用的DBI方法返回本机数据库引擎错误消息。 |
8 |
$dbh->disconnect() 该例程关闭以前通过调用DBI-> connect()打开的数据库连接。 |
连接到数据库
以下Perl代码显示了如何连接到现有数据库。如果数据库不存在,则将创建该数据库,最后将返回一个数据库对象。
#!/usr/bin/perl use DBI; use strict; my $driver = "SQLite"; my $database = "test.db"; my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database"; my $userid = ""; my $password = ""; my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 }) or die $DBI::errstr; print "Opened database successfully\n";
现在,让无涯教程运行上面的程序在当前目录中创建数据库test.db。您可以根据需要更改路径。将上面的代码保存在sqlite.pl文件中,并如下所示执行它。如果数据库创建成功,则将显示以下消息-
$chmod +x sqlite.pl $./sqlite.pl Open database successfully
创建表
以下Perl程序用于在先前创建的数据库中创建表。
#!/usr/bin/perl use DBI; use strict; my $driver = "SQLite"; my $database = "test.db"; my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database"; my $userid = ""; my $password = ""; my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 }) or die $DBI::errstr; print "Opened database successfully\n"; my $stmt = qq(CREATE TABLE COMPANY (ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, NAME TEXT NOT NULL, AGE INT NOT NULL, ADDRESS CHAR(50), SALARY REAL);); my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt); if($rv < 0) { print $DBI::errstr; } else { print "Table created successfully\n"; } $dbh->disconnect();
执行上述程序后,它将在test.db中创建COMPANY表,并将显示以下消息-
Opened database successfully Table created successfully
注意-如果您在任何操作中看到以下错误-
DBD::SQLite::st execute failed: not an error(21) at dbdimp.c line 398
在这种情况下,打开DBD-SQLite安装中可用的 dbdimp.c文件,并找到 sqlite3_prepare()函数并将其第三个参数更改为 -1 而不是0。最后,使用 make 安装DBD::SQLite并执行 make install 解决此问题。
插入操作
以下Perl程序显示了如何在上面的示例中创建的COMPANY表中创建记录。
#!/usr/bin/perl use DBI; use strict; my $driver = "SQLite"; my $database = "test.db"; my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database"; my $userid = ""; my $password = ""; my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 }) or die $DBI::errstr; print "Opened database successfully\n"; my $stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) VALUES (1, 'Paul', 32, 'California', 20000.00 )); my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr; $stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) VALUES (2, 'Allen', 25, 'Texas', 15000.00 )); $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr; $stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) VALUES (3, 'Teddy', 23, 'Norway', 20000.00 )); $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr; $stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) VALUES (4, 'Mark', 25, 'Rich-Mond ', 65000.00 );); $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr; print "Records created successfully\n"; $dbh->disconnect();
执行上述程序后,它将在COMPANY表中创建给定记录,并将显示以下两行-
Opened database successfully Records created successfully
选择操作
以下Perl程序演示了如何从在上面的示例中创建的COMPANY表中获取和显示记录。
#!/usr/bin/perl use DBI; use strict; my $driver = "SQLite"; my $database = "test.db"; my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database"; my $userid = ""; my $password = ""; my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 }) or die $DBI::errstr; print "Opened database successfully\n"; my $stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;); my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt ); my $rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr; if($rv < 0) { print $DBI::errstr; } while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) { print "ID=". $row[0] . "\n"; print "NAME=". $row[1] ."\n"; print "ADDRESS=". $row[2] ."\n"; print "SALARY= ". $row[3] ."\n\n"; } print "Operation done successfully\n"; $dbh->disconnect();
执行上述程序时,将产生以下输出。
Opened database successfully ID=1 NAME=Paul ADDRESS=California SALARY= 20000 ID=2 NAME=Allen ADDRESS=Texas SALARY= 15000 ID=3 NAME=Teddy ADDRESS=Norway SALARY= 20000 ID=4 NAME=Mark ADDRESS=Rich-Mond SALARY= 65000 Operation done successfully
更新操作
以下Perl代码显示了如何使用UPDATE语句更新任何记录,然后从COMPANY表中获取并显示更新的记录。
#!/usr/bin/perl use DBI; use strict; my $driver = "SQLite"; my $database = "test.db"; my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database"; my $userid = ""; my $password = ""; my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 }) or die $DBI::errstr; print "Opened database successfully\n"; my $stmt = qq(UPDATE COMPANY set SALARY = 25000.00 where ID=1;); my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr; if( $rv < 0 ) { print $DBI::errstr; } else { print "Total number of rows updated : $rv\n"; } $stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;); my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt ); $rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr; if($rv < 0) { print $DBI::errstr; } while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) { print "ID=". $row[0] . "\n"; print "NAME=". $row[1] ."\n"; print "ADDRESS=". $row[2] ."\n"; print "SALARY= ". $row[3] ."\n\n"; } print "Operation done successfully\n"; $dbh->disconnect();
执行上述程序时,将产生以下输出。
Opened database successfully Total number of rows updated : 1 ID=1 NAME=Paul ADDRESS=California SALARY= 25000 ID=2 NAME=Allen ADDRESS=Texas SALARY= 15000 ID=3 NAME=Teddy ADDRESS=Norway SALARY= 20000 ID=4 NAME=Mark ADDRESS=Rich-Mond SALARY= 65000 Operation done successfully
删除操作
以下Perl代码显示了如何使用DELETE语句删除任何记录,然后从COMPANY表中获取并显示其余记录-
#!/usr/bin/perl use DBI; use strict; my $driver = "SQLite"; my $database = "test.db"; my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database"; my $userid = ""; my $password = ""; my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 }) or die $DBI::errstr; print "Opened database successfully\n"; my $stmt = qq(DELETE from COMPANY where ID = 2;); my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr; if( $rv < 0 ) { print $DBI::errstr; } else { print "Total number of rows deleted : $rv\n"; } $stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;); my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt ); $rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr; if($rv < 0) { print $DBI::errstr; } while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) { print "ID=". $row[0] . "\n"; print "NAME=". $row[1] ."\n"; print "ADDRESS=". $row[2] ."\n"; print "SALARY= ". $row[3] ."\n\n"; } print "Operation done successfully\n"; $dbh->disconnect();
执行上述程序时,将产生以下输出。
Opened database successfully Total number of rows deleted : 1 ID=1 NAME=Paul ADDRESS=California SALARY=25000 ID=3 NAME=Teddy ADDRESS=Norway SALARY=20000 ID=4 NAME=Mark ADDRESS=Rich-Mond SALARY=65000 Operation done successfully