4、虚拟语气
表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实（非真实），而是说话人的主观愿望，假设或推测等；
If I were you, I should study English.
虚拟语气在条件从句的用法：
一类是真实条件句；一类是非真实条件句，也就是虚拟条件句；
如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句，谓语要用陈述语气；
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句；
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. # 主将从现（客观事实）
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. # 虚拟语气
if或以下短语都可引导：
without没有，缺乏，除非，如果不；
but for要不是、如果没有；
otherwise，否则，不是那样的；
in that case，假如那样的话；
under this condition在这种情况下；
1）规律性
从句（条件句） | 主句（结果句） | |
与现在事实相反 | 1、动词过去式 2、be一般用were（be动词在虚拟语气没有单数形式） | should|would|could|might + 动词原型 |
与过去事实相反 | had + 分词 | should|would|could|might + have + 过去分词 |
与将来事实相反 | 1、should + 动词原形 2、were to + 动词原形 | should|would|could|might + 动词原形 |
If he werehere, everything would be all right.与现在事实相反
If her mother had takenthe doctor's advice, she would|might have got well earlier.与过去事实相反
If itwere to raintomorrow, the match would be canceled.与将来事实相反
有时省略if，采用局部倒装（倒装只和主谓有关）语序，把had|should|were等动词（不包括行为动词）移到从句的句首；
Were it to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be canceled.
Had it not been for the storm, we would have arrived in time.
Should the earth stop running, what would happen?
2）特殊性
虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用：
1 表希望、愿望等含义的单词出现，宾语从句中；
表示对过去的虚拟：had + 过去分词；
表示对现在的虚拟：过去式；
表示对将来的虚拟：would|could + do；
I wish I were better-looking.与现在事实相反
I wish I had met the filmstar just now.与过去事实相反
How I wish every family hada large house with a beautiful garden!
2 表命令、建议等含义的单词在句中出现，用( + should) + do；
suggest表示“坚持”或“暗示”时，后不用虚拟语气；
The young man insisted that I (should) gowith his fellows.
The doctor advised that hechangehis job.
Teachers recommend parents their children under 12 not allowto ride bicycles to school for safety.
3 would rather + did或would (just) as soon + did或would rather + had done或would as soon + had done，“宁愿...”；would sooner和would prefer同理；
对将来或现在的虚拟：did；
对过去的虚拟：had done；
George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I'd rather he focusedmore on its culture.
4 It be adj. that...(should) + do，主语从句；
Don't you think it necessary that heshould not be sent to Miami but to New York?
- I agree, but the problem is whathe has refused to. # what在句子中充当了成分
虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用：
1 if only，“要是...多好”；
对过去的虚拟：had + 过去分词；
对现在的虚拟：过去时；
对将来的虚拟：would|could|might + do；
If onlythe player had had more courage!
If only Daisy would go with me!
Look at the trouble I am in! If only Ihad followedyour advice.看我多惨!要是我听你的意见就好了
2 as if，“犹如，好似”；
对过去的虚拟：had + 过去分词；
对现在的虚拟：过去式；
过将来的虚拟：would|could|might + do；
He talks as if he knew where she was.没有虚拟
He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.虚拟语气
It looks as if it might snow.没有虚拟
3 in case|for fear that|lest，“以防，万一”，后面用 + (should) + do；
She took an umbrella with her lest|for fear that|in case it should rain.
其他
1 It is time that... should + do或It is time that... did，主语从句，should不能省略；
It's high time that we were off.
2 would as soon + did
或would as soon + had done
或would rather + did
或would rather + had done，将来或现在用did，过去用had done，“宁愿”；
另would sooner和would prefer；
I'd rather youlefttomorrow.
I would just as soon youhad told me the truth yesterday.
练习
Had the driven been more careful, his buswould not have knockedinto the tree. # if the driven had been more careful
But forthe football competition, I would have gone to the concert yesterday.
Look at the terrible situation you are in! If onlyyou had listend tomy advice.
HadHenry receivedtwo more votes in the last election, he wereour monitor now.与现在事实相反，后退一个时态用were
If the athlete won today. He would have woneight races in a game.与过去事实相反
It is time that our mayor tookmeasures to protect the poor in the street.
-- It's a pity you didn't won the competition.
-- If onlyI had had more practice.
习题
# 时态&语态
1、By next summerhewill have been studyingat Harvard University for five years.
2、WhenJimhashis own house, he will install built-in stereo speakers in every room.主将从现
3、This is one of the rarest questions thathas ever been raised at such a meeting.从来没在会上提出的问题
4、I will overlookyour having beenso rude to my sister this time. But don't let it happend again.
5、He won't be free Saturday morning. He is attendinga meeting. # won't=will not
6、She wished to have come to see you yesterday, butit rained heavily then.虚拟语气
7、By the end of this monthhe will have finishedhis second novel.
8、When he hurried to the airport, he found, to his great disappointment, his ticket and passport had been left at home.过去的过去
9、The policemanrushed to the spot the miniteheheard of the traffic accident. # the minute一...就
10、The structure of aircraft has been changed all the time.一直
11、Three officers narrowly escaped being killedin the fierce battle. # narrow escape九死一生
12、- Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in the countrysidelast summer?
- No, it had been raining for four days when we arried, so the roads were very muddy.过去的过去，过去完成进行时
13、Now that we have come so far, we may as well go all the way.
14、Ever sincethe family movedto the suburbs last year,they have been enjoyingbetter health. # 现在完成进行时；could have done（可能性的）判断，must have done（肯定性的）判断
15、Whenever we visitedthem, they were watchingtelevision.过去进行时
16、The goods were just being unloadedwhen wearrivedat the airport.过去进行时的被动语态
17、I appreciated having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
18、Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combinedwith other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
19、A beam of light will not bend round corners unlessmadeto do so with the help of a reflecting device.
20、The delegation has already arrived, but I didn't know itwas coming until this morning.
# 非谓语动词
1、Please pardonmy disturbingyou.
2、Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completelylost to the outside world.
3、When comparedwith the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not high at all.
4、Before the Spring Festival, the leaders of the village made house to house survey, inquiringin each family about their needs and problems.在春节前夕，村中的领导挨家挨户地走访，访问每个家庭的需要和问题
5、Linda wasto have been startingthe experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute.
to start|to have started|to be starting|to have been starting
6、He resented being askedto wait. He expected the minister to seehim at once.
# 虚拟语气
1、If you explained the situation to your lawyer, he would beable to advise you much better than I can.如果你把情况向律师说明，他会比我更能给你提出好建议
2、Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would beour chirman now.如果在上一次选举中保罗要是多赢6票，现在他会是我们的主席
3、Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followedyour advice.看我现在所处的境地，我当时要是听你的就好了
4、We desire that the tour leader (should)inform us immediately of any change in plans.我希望计划改变时，导游可以立即通知我们
5、It is lucky we booked a room, or we would havenowhere to stay now.我们很幸运地订到了房间，否则的话，我们现在就会无处可去了
6、If Ihadn't seenit with my own eyes, I wouldn't have believedit.
7、Without his wartime experences, Hemingwaywouldn't have writtenhis famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
8、I wish Ihad beenat my sister's wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.上周二我本希望参加我姐姐的婚礼，但是我在纽约出差
9、- Where are the children? The dinner's going to be completely ruined.
- I wish they were't always late.
10、It is necessary that he (should) hand inthe assignment without delay.
11、It's getting late. I'd ratheryou leftnow.
12、My boss ordered that the legal documents (should) be sentto him before lunch.
