磁盘分区时需要使用以下两命令：
一、查看目前磁盘使用情况
一个已经分好区的磁盘sda和一个未使用的磁盘sdb，
二、创建磁盘分区
以硬盘设备文件名为参数执行fdisk命令，进入到交互式的分区管理界面中，就可以对相应的硬盘进行创建、删除、更改分区等操作
[root@justin ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x9adeb999. Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite) WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help):
在操作界面中的“Command (m for help):”提示符后，用户可以输入特定的分区操作指令，完成各项分区管理任务。例如输入“m”指令后，可以查看各种操作指令的帮助信息。
Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (experts only) Command (m for help):
创建一个新的分区
Command (m for help): n ;创建一个新的分区
Command action
e extended ;扩展分区
p primary partition (1-4) ;主分区，主分区最多只能4个
p ;创建主分区
Partition number (1-4): 1 ;指定主分区号
First cylinder (1-1044, default 1): ;指定第一个柱面，直接回车使用默认
Using default value 1 ;
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1044, default 1044): +3G ;指定分区大小
Command (m for help):创建好分区后可以通过命令p查看分区情况
Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x9adeb999 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 393 3156741 83 Linux Command (m for help):
通过以上步骤可以继续创建其他主分区，但主分区最多为4个，
创建逻辑分区
创建扩展分区：
创建逻辑分区前必须创建扩展分区，且此时需要把所有空间分配给扩展分区
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
e
Partition number (1-4): 4
First cylinder (394-1044, default 394):
Using default value 394
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (394-1044, default 1044):
Using default value 1044
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x9adeb999
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 393 3156741 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 394 1044 5229157+ 5 Extended
Command (m for help):创建逻辑分区：
扩展分区创建好之后，接着就可以创建逻辑分区。在创建逻辑分区的时候不需要指定分区编号，系统将会自动从5开始顺序编号
Command (m for help): n
Command action
l logical (5 or over)
p primary partition (1-4)
l
First cylinder (394-1044, default 394):
Using default value 394
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (394-1044, default 1044): +3G
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x9adeb999
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 393 3156741 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 394 1044 5229157+ 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 394 786 3156741 83 Linux
Command (m for help):继续创建一个逻辑分区
Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x9adeb999 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 393 3156741 83 Linux /dev/sdb4 394 1044 5229157+ 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 394 786 3156741 83 Linux /dev/sdb6 787 1044 2072353+ 83 Linux Command (m for help):
分区创建好需要保存退出（w）或者放弃编辑退出（q）
Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. [root@justin ~]#
新分区需要重启启动或者执行partprobe命令使其生效
[root@justin ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb [root@justin ~]#
格式化、挂载分区
创建好的分区需要格式化和挂载才能正常使用
格式化分区
[root@justin ~]# mkfs -V -t ext4 -c /dev/sdb1 [root@justin ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb5 [root@justin ~]# mkfs -t vfat /dev/sdb6
挂载分区
在安装Linux系统的过程中，自动建立或识别的分区通常会由系统自动完成挂载，如“/”分区、“boot”分区等，对于后来新增加的硬盘分区、优盘、光盘等设备，就必须由管理员手动进行挂载。挂载一个分区时，必须为其指定一个目录作为挂载点，用户通过这个目录就可以访问设备中的文件、目录数据
[root@justin ~]# mkdir /mnt/{sdb1,sdb5,sdb6}
[root@justin ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1
[root@justin ~]# mount /dev/sdb5 /mnt/sdb5
[root@justin ~]# mount /dev/sdb6 /mnt/sdb6
[root@justin ~]# df -Th
文件系统 类型 容量 已用 可用 已用%% 挂载点
/dev/sda2 ext4 9.9G 2.7G 6.7G 29% /
tmpfs tmpfs 504M 0 504M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 ext4 194M 27M 158M 15% /boot
/dev/sda5 ext4 7.7G 147M 7.2G 2% /home
/dev/sdb1 ext4 3.0G 69M 2.8G 3% /mnt/sdb1
/dev/sdb5 ext4 3.0G 69M 2.8G 3% /mnt/sdb5
/dev/sdb6 vfat 2.0G 4.0K 2.0G 1% /mnt/sdb6
[root@justin ~]# vim /etc/fstab
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1 ext4 defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb5 /mnt/sdb5 ext4 defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb6 /mnt/sdb6 vfat defaults 0 0Tips:如果需要删除已创建好的分区，可以在fdisk命令操作界面中使用“d”指令将指定的分区删除，根据提示输入需要删除的分区序号即可。在删除时建议从最后一个分区开始进行删除，以免fdisk识别的分区序号发生紊乱。另外，如果扩展分区被删除，则扩展分区之下的逻辑分区也将同时被删除
Tips:格式化分区时候出现以下报错，是因为扩展分区不能格式化，需要在创建成逻辑分区
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb4 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) mkfs.ext4: inode_size (128) * inodes_count (0) too big for a filesystem with 0 blocks, specify higher inode_ratio (-i) or lower inode count (-N). [root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb4 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) mkfs.ext4: inode_size (128) * inodes_count (0) too big for a filesystem with 0 blocks, specify higher inode_ratio (-i) or lower inode count (-N). [root@localhost ~]#
大于2T分区创建
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00047e01 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 26 2115 16777216 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 2115 13055 87874560 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdb: 2089.1 GB, 2089072092160 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 253981 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 [root@localhost ~]# parted /dev/sdb #parted>select sdb 假设磁盘为sdb GNU Parted 2.1 Using /dev/sdb Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands. (parted) mklabel gpt #将MBR磁盘格式化为GPT，mklabel msdos 将GPT磁盘转化为MBR磁盘 (parted) print Model: VMware Virtual disk (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 2089GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: gpt Number Start End Size File system Name Flags (parted) mkpart primary 0 2089GB #划分一个起始位置为0，全部的2089G的主分区，mkpart primary 0 -1 将整块磁盘分成一个分区 Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance. Ignore/Cancel? I (parted) print Model: VMware Virtual disk (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 2089GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: gpt Number Start End Size File system Name Flags 1 17.4kB 2089GB 2089GB primary (parted) quit Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab. [root@localhost ~]# df -Th Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 ext4 83G 3.4G 75G 5% / tmpfs tmpfs 3.9G 72K 3.9G 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 ext4 190M 39M 142M 22% /boot [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00047e01 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 26 2115 16777216 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 2115 13055 87874560 83 Linux WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdb'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sdb: 2089.1 GB, 2089072092160 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 253981 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 253982 2040109464+ ee GPT [root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 -F /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 127508480 inodes, 510027357 blocks 25501367 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296 15565 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968, 102400000, 214990848 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 31 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. [root@localhost ~]# df -Th Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 ext4 83G 3.4G 75G 5% / tmpfs tmpfs 3.9G 72K 3.9G 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 ext4 190M 39M 142M 22% /boot [root@localhost opt]# mkdir /app [root@localhost opt]# mount /dev/sdb sdb sdb1 [root@localhost opt]# mount /dev/sdb1 /opt/ [root@localhost opt]# df -Th Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 ext4 83G 3.4G 75G 5% / tmpfs tmpfs 3.9G 72K 3.9G 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 ext4 190M 39M 142M 22% /boot /dev/sdb1 ext4 1.9T 67M 1.8T 1% /opt [root@localhost opt]# cd /opt/ [root@localhost opt]# ls lost+found [root@localhost opt]# umount /opt umount: /opt: device is busy. (In some cases useful info about processes that use the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1)) [root@localhost opt]# cd .. [root@localhost /]# cd .. [root@localhost /]# umount /opt [root@localhost /]# cd /opt/ [root@localhost opt]# ls rh [root@localhost opt]# mount -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 /app/ [root@localhost opt]# df -Th Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 ext4 83G 3.4G 75G 5% / tmpfs tmpfs 3.9G 72K 3.9G 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 ext4 190M 39M 142M 22% /boot /dev/sdb1 ext4 1.9T 67M 1.8T 1% /app [root@localhost opt]# blki blkid blkiomon [root@localhost opt]# blkid /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb1: UUID="452d68c5-58e3-41aa-979c-2ce38b31050f" TYPE="ext4" [root@localhost opt]# cat /etc/fstab UUID="452d68c5-58e3-41aa-979c-2ce38b31050f" /app ext4 defaults 0 0 [root@localhost opt]# df -Th Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 ext4 83G 3.5G 75G 5% / tmpfs tmpfs 3.9G 72K 3.9G 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 ext4 190M 39M 142M 22% /boot /dev/sdb1 ext4 1.9T 67M 1.8T 1% /app [root@localhost opt]#
dumpe2fs用来查询文件系统状态
[root@zhaolei-10 ~]# dumpe2fs -h /dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol00 dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem volume name: <none> Last mounted on: / Filesystem UUID: 649401be-04d1-4535-9797-aadc1a500437 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: user_xattr acl Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 31645696 Block count: 126563328 Reserved block count: 6326236 Free blocks: 68305331 Free inodes: 6694476 First block: 0 Block size: 4096 Fragment size: 4096 Reserved GDT blocks: 993 Blocks per group: 32768 Fragments per group: 32768 Inodes per group: 8192 Inode blocks per group: 512 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Thu Jun 26 19:34:35 2014 Last mount time: Sat Jul 7 11:44:47 2018 Last write time: Sun Jul 3 17:21:36 2016 Mount count: 33 Maximum mount count: -1 Last checked: Thu Jun 26 19:34:35 2014 Check interval: 0 (<none>) Lifetime writes: 1788 GB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: 7c444e29-c6bb-40b5-8cc7-647af7e07773 Journal backup: inode blocks Journal features: journal_incompat_revoke Journal size: 128M Journal length: 32768 Journal sequence: 0x01b7599a Journal start: 28573 [root@zhaolei-10 ~]#
选项 描述
-b 打印文件系统中的坏块
-o 不常用，检查严重损坏文件系统时指定
-f 强制显示所有信息，即便dumpe2fs对有些文件系统功能标识不能识别。
- i 显示image文件系统信息。device指定image文件的路径
-h 只显示超级块信息
-x 将已分组的块的数量用十六进制显示
-v 显示dumpe2fs的版本号并推出
df和du用来查文件系统大小，fsck文件系统修复，dumpe2fs查看文件系统状态
